光场压缩态的产生及其在亚散粒噪声光学测量和量子信息中的应用-彭堃墀

＊彭　　墀(　　　030006)　　　,(SQL)、,.(sub-shot-noise-limitopticalmeasurement).　　,,GENERATIONANDAPPLICATIONOFSQUEEZEDSTATELIGHTSUB-SHOT-NOISE-LIMITOPTICALMEASUREMENTANDQUANTUMINFORMATIONPENGKun-Chi(InstituteofOpto-electronics,ShanxiUniversity,TheKeyLaboratoryofQuantumOptics,MinistryofEducation,Taiyuan　030006,China)Abstract　　Squeezedstatelightisanonclassicalopticalfieldwhichhasextensivepotentialapplicationsinopticalmeasurementwithhighsensitivityexceedingthestandardquantumlimitaswellasinopticalcommunicationsandquan-tuminformationwithextremelylownoise.Thishasgivenbirthtocross-disciplinesofphysicsandinformationscience.Anoverviewispresentedofthegenerationofsqueezedstatelightfieldsandtheirimportantapplicationsinsub-shot-noise-limitopticalmeasurementandquantuminformationresearch.Keywords　　squeezedstatelightfield,quantuminformation,sub-shot-noise-limit＊　(:69438010,69837010)2001-01-111　,().,(),,,..,30.,.,.,、.,.、、EPR,,.、.,,.X-X+,:[X+,X-]=2i,　ΔX+ΔX-≥1.(quantumnoise).ΔX+·ΔX-=1,;ΔX+=ΔX-,·300·,.,,,.,.ΔX+ΔX-1,().,,Δnn.,,,Δ(I1-I2)Δ(I1+I2),.,,.2　1985,,,:(1),“”,.(a)1985,BellR.E.Slusher[1],7%,.1986,TexasJ.Kimble[2],63%.,.1995,KonstanzMlynek(monolithic),72%(5.5dB)[3].1998,Bachor,,80%(7dB)[4].(b)()OPOCKTP,,,,EPR(QND).,.1989,Kimble3.6dB,“EPR”,[5].1992,1.5dB(30%)[6].1998,3.7—4dB[7].,Nd∶YAP,(～200)OPO.OPO,.1999,KTP45°,(NOPA),,、,,3.7dB[8].(2),.():1986,Y.Yamamoto,7dB[9].1991,,(66K),LD8.3dB(85%)[10].1994,,Grangier,,2.3dB[11].1997,F-P19.3%,9kHz—100MHz40dB[12].(3)(twinbeams),,.:1987,E.GiacobinoC.Fabre,,、SQL30%[13].1991,Nd∶YAG(),86%[14].1998,·301·30(2001)5αKTPNd∶YAP(1.08μm),80%(7dB).αKTPNd∶YAG(1.06μm),88%(9.2dB)[7,15].3　,.,.:(1);(2).3.1　3.1.1　利用正交位相压缩态光场进行测量研究1987,J.KimbleR.E.Slusher“”,、,3dB[16].1992,E.S.Plozik,3.1dB[17].3.1.2　利用强度差压缩光进行亚散粒噪声的微弱吸收测量1988,P.R.Tapster[18](413.4nm)KDP(10mm)60pW.,,4dB[19].1990,C.D.Nabors,2.2dB[20].,J.J.Snyder,,[21].1996,,,2.5dB[22].,,7dB[15].1997,C.Fabre[23],1.3dB.1.,Nd∶YAP1　,EOx3.6MHz,M=2×104,ES1,DS1,DS21,3.5dB2.5dB.Sm(CPEX)2Cl3(H2O)4ES1,ES2,ωm〈isig〉=eηI(MδLsinωmt-δL2).,,,,2.2　(1,2)1998,Nd∶YAG,αKTP9.2dB(88%),,7dB,4dB[15].3.2　,,,.,,“”,·302·,.,V.B.Braginsky70(quantumnondemolition,QND)[24].:,,“”.,,,QND.QND:,,,.3.3　QNDSNRin(out)s(m)=〈Xin(out)s(m)(ω)〉2〈δXin(out)s(m)(ω)〉2ω.Tm=SNRoutmSNRinsTs=SNRoutsSNRins.()Vsm=Vouts(1-C2s,m),VoutsδXouts,C2s,m,C2s,m=〈δXouts(Ψ)δXoutm(Ψ)〉2〈δXouts(Ψ)2〉〈δXoutm(Ψ)2〉.　　1992,P.GrangierQND[25].Ts+Tm1,Vsm1,QND,Ts=1,Tm=1,Vsm=0,、,QND.“QND”QND,.QND[26—28].,QND.1999,“QND”[29].4.4　QNDNd∶YAP0.54μmOPO,7dB.4%M1,,Min,.P1,AM1AM2,,.P2,5050,Sin,P2λ2PZT1,PZT2,S,PS,PBS,.HD1,HD2,HD3.:Ts+Tm=1.311,Vsm=-2.1dB(0.62)1.　　,,,,“QND”,,η=96%(),Ts+Tm=1.51,Vsm=-3.7dB.,.·303·30(2001)53.3　(quantuminformation),,,.,,、、、.,(quantumteleportation)(quantumlogicalgate)..1993,IBMC.H.Bennet[30],5.5　C.H.Bennet,EPR,23,21Bell,31,.Bell3,,31,.,,,Bell,1,,.1997,A.Zeilinger[31]Ⅱ,EPR,teleportation,,4Bell———,25%,,teleportation.1998,F.D.MartiniⅡ,teleportation,EPR,teleportation[32].12.Bennet(),(10-8),.1998,J.Kimble[33]EPR,teleportation.6.6　EPR,OPO,,π2,50%EPR.,Bell,EPR50%M1,,.Bell,.,BellEPR.,,,EPR2,,M4,EPR2,2·304·.F=〈a+outain〉,,F=1,EPR,F=12,.,,,F=0.58.,F=12F=23.1999,[34],7.7　EPR,,rf()Bell.,.4　,:(1),———,;(2),,;(3)().,,,,,,,.Gardiner,,,,.(4),,.[1]SlusherREetal.Phys.Rev.Lett.,1985,55:2409[2]WuL-A,KimbleHJetal.Phys.Rev.Lett.,1986,57:2520[3]BreitembachGetal.J.Opt.Soc.Am.,1995,B12:2304[4]LamPK,RalphTC,BachorH-Aetal.J.ofOptics,1999,B1:469[5]OuZY,PereiraSFetal.Phys.Rev.Lett.,1992,22:3663[6].,1993,42:1079[PENGKun-Chietal.ActaPhysicaSinica,1993,42:1079(inChinese)][7]PengKC,PanQin,WangHaietal.Appl.Phys.,1998,B66:755[8]ZhangY,WangH,LiXYetal.Phys.Rev.A,2000,62:023813[9]MachidaS,YamamotoY.Opt.Comm.,1986,161(57):290[10]RichardonWHetal.Phys.Rev.Lett.,1991,66:2867[11]ZhangTCetal.QuantandSemiclassOpt.,1995,7(4):601[12],,.,1998,9:1499[ZHANGTian-Cai,LITing-Yu,PENGKun-Chietal.ActaPhysicaSinica,1998,9:1499(inChinese)][13]HeidmannA,HorowiczRJ,ReynaudSetal.Phys.Rev.Lett.,1987,59:2555[14]MertzJ,DebuisschertTetal.Opt.Lett.,1991,16:1234[15]GaoJR,CuiFY,XieCDetal.Opt.Lett.,1998,1:3[16]XiaoM,WuLA,KimbleHJ.Phys.Rev.Lett.,1987,59:278[17]PolzikES,KimbleHJ,Phys.Rev.Lett.,1992,68:3020[18]TapsterPR,RarityJG,SatchallS.Phys.Rev.A.,1988,37:2936[19]TapsterPR,SewardSF,RarityJG.Phys.Rev.A.,1991,44:3266[20]NaborsCD,ShelbyRM.Phys.Rev.A.,1990,42:556[21]SnyderJJ,GiacibinoE,FabreC.J.Opt.Soc.Am.,1990,B(7):2132[22],,.(A),1998,28:342[WANGHai,PANQing,XIEChang-Deetal.ChineseScience(A),1998,28:342(inChinese)][23]RibeiroPHSetal.Opt.Lett.,1997,22:1893[24]BraginskyVB,VorontsovYI,ThorneKS.Science,1980,209:547;BraginskyVB,VorontsovYI,Usp.Fiz.Nauk,1974,114:41[25]GrangierP,CourtyJM,RetnaudS.Opt.Comm.,1992,89:99[26]LevensonMD,ShilbyRM,ReidMetal.Phys.Rev.Lett.,1986,57:2473[27]PereiraSF,OuZY,KimbleHJ.Phys.Rev.Lett.,1994,72:214[28]RochJF,VigneronKetal.Phys.Rev.Let.,1997,78:634[29]WangH,ZhangY,PanQetal.Phys.Rev.Lett.,1999,82:1414[30]BennettC,BrassardG,CrepeauCetal.Phys.Rev.Lett.,1993,70:1895[31]BouwmeesterD,PanJW,MattleKetal.Nature,1997,390:575[32]BoschiD,BrancaS,MartiniFDetal.Phys.Rev.Lett.,1998,80:1121[33