PID控制器设计一

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AdvancedElectricalControlLab.DepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChung-HsingUniversityAdvancedElectricalControlLab.DepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChung-HsingUniversityAdvancedElectricalControlLab.DepartmentofElectricalEngineAdvancedElectricalControlLab.DepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungeringNationalChung--HsingUniversityHsingUniversityPID控制器設計(一)~時域規格控制與MATLAB模擬~自動控制實驗Lecture09DepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniverDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniversitysityAdvancedElectricalControlLab.AdvancedElectricalControlLab.章節目的本章節旨在介紹最為廣泛應用的PID控制器及其應用課程內容除了介紹控制器外,並針對如何設計並使用控制器調整系統輸出,使系統能吻合目標之暫態/穩態之時域/頻域規格。實驗主要是將PID控制器應用於常見的一階及二階閉迴路系統進行控制藉由分別觀察P、I、D控制器的組合對閉迴路系統的影響,學習上述幾種控制器之使用DepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniverDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniversitysityAdvancedElectricalControlLab.AdvancedElectricalControlLab.課程綱要控制器簡介時域規格分析(複習)PID控制器PID參數調整設計範例隨堂演練[補充]PIV控制DepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniverDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniversitysityAdvancedElectricalControlLab.AdvancedElectricalControlLab.控制器簡介控制器(controller)是一個調整發送至致動器(actuator)的輸出信號,用以改變受控體(plant)狀況的裝置可依據感測器(sensor)信號回授之有無區分為開路與閉迴路控制回授控制器依設計方式區分,可列出下列常見之架構:PID控制器(時域)PhaseLead-Lag控制器(頻域)狀態控制器(狀態空間回授)(此處將針對PID控制器進行介紹)DepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniverDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniversitysityAdvancedElectricalControlLab.AdvancedElectricalControlLab.閉迴路(反饋)控制閉迴路控制中,主要又可分為前饋與反饋兩大類控制器把輸出物理量的值與所給的命令值(目標值)相比較,求其差,由控制器產生控制命令,使輸出物理量的值與所給的命令值一致。DepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniverDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniversitysityAdvancedElectricalControlLab.AdvancedElectricalControlLab.時域響應分析與暫態規格(複習)系統響應是指系統針對其輸入而產生相對應的輸出結果對於系統的暫態響應,可以使用暫態規格條件來描述其暫態響應當系統的響應無法達到目標時,此時會再加上控制器進行設計,以使系統能達到控制目標常見的暫態規格包括:上升時間(risetime,tr):系統由終值的10%上升至90%所需的時間延遲時間(delaytime,td):系統上升至終值的50%所需的時間安定時間(settlingtime,ts):系統震盪小於終值特定百分比所需時間最大超越量(maximumpercentageovershoot,Mo):最大峰值百分比尖峰時間(peaktime,tp):最大峰值所在的時間點DepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniverDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniversitysityAdvancedElectricalControlLab.AdvancedElectricalControlLab.標準一階系統的暫態規格(複習)2.20.69rdtataaGssaDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniverDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniversitysityAdvancedElectricalControlLab.AdvancedElectricalControlLab.標準二階系統的暫態規格(複習)2211.83(5%)4(2%)4.6(1%)1100%10.7rnsnnnPnOdntttMet2222nnnGsssDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniverDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniversitysityAdvancedElectricalControlLab.AdvancedElectricalControlLab.cosn21dnn0j21nnsjDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniverDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniversitysityAdvancedElectricalControlLab.AdvancedElectricalControlLab.系統的穩態誤差(複習)在穩定狀態下,穩定輸出與控制輸入的差值定義為穩態誤差(Steadystateerror)L00limlimlimlim1ssttsssseetrtytsesEsRsGs∞∞斜坡訊號0∞步階訊號00脈衝訊號210Type輸入訊號11PK1VK1aK0200limlimPVsasKGKsGsKsGsDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniverDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniversitysityAdvancedElectricalControlLab.AdvancedElectricalControlLab.PID控制器(1/2)PID控制器(Proportional-Integral-Derivativecontroller/比例-積分-微分控制器),由比例控制單元P、積分控制單元I和微分控制單元D組成,是工業上最常用之控制器主要通過KP、KI和KD三個參數的設定來調整系統特性PID控制器主要適用於線性、非時變之系統(LTISystem)2ICPDPIDKGsKKssKsKKss其中KP、KI、KD分別代表了位置、積分與微分控制器的可調參數數學模型(轉移函數)DepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniverDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniversitysityAdvancedElectricalControlLab.AdvancedElectricalControlLab.PID控制器(2/2)主要有三個可調參數,各參數都可作為獨立控制器使用位置(P)控制器可使響應速度變快,稍微改善穩態誤差積分(I)控制器可改善穩態誤差,但過大會造成響應峰值變大過小會使系統之響應速度變慢微分(D)控制器相當於一個高通濾波器,可改善暫態響應加入微分控制器後,對步階輸入而言,系統之響應在起始瞬間會有一個很大的峰值;而隨著時間增加,系統響應將遞減至0一般而言,位置、積分與微分控制器都會混合搭配使用DepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniverDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniversitysityAdvancedElectricalControlLab.AdvancedElectricalControlLab.系統架構假設取一階閉迴路系統如下:此時閉迴路系統轉移函數可表示為:()b()s(ab)oiVsVs下面將針對加入不同控制器的情形來進行探討。DepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniverDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniversitysityAdvancedElectricalControlLab.AdvancedElectricalControlLab.I、比例控制器P-controllerPK此時閉迴路系統轉移函數可表示為:()b()s(ab)oPiPVsKVsKDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniverDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChungHsingUniversitysityAdvancedElectricalControlLab.AdvancedElectricalControlLab.加上比例控制器後,極點(Pole)會由變為也就是時間常數(timeconstant)將由變為當控制參數Kp越大時,時間常數也就越小、響應也就越快比例控制器除了能使響應加速之外,也能使穩態誤差(steadystateerror)由變為,當KP1時,Kp越大則越小綜合上面所述,可以得到下面的結論:加上P-controller可使響應速度變快加上P-controller可以改善穩態誤差,但仍存在()ab()PabK1()ab1()PabKaabPaabKPaabKDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringNationalChu
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