从技术过程看专利制度对技术发展的负面效应

NegativeEffectsofthePatentSystemintheDevelopmentofTechnologyintheviewoftheProcessofTechnology从技术过程看专利制度对技术发展的负面效应AliceZhangInstitutefortheHistoryofNaturalSciencesChineseAcademyofSciences张改珍中国科学院自然科学史研究所MainPoints:ProcessofTechnology:ToolofTheory（技术过程：理论工具）ToolofExample:theTreatmentandControlofAIDS（例子工具:艾滋病的治疗及控制）Conclusion:NegativeEffectsofthePatentSystemintheDevelopmentofTechnology（结论：专利制度对技术发展消极影响的表现）PrefaceSince1474,thebirthoftheVenicePatentLaw（威尼斯专利法）,and1623,theproclamationofthe“monopolyLaw”（垄断法）intheUnitedKingdom,thepatenthadgraduallychangedfromafirstprivilege（特权）grantedbymonarchtoakindofprivateright（私权）setdownasasystem,whichhasbeenvaluedforitsprotectionofindividuallycreativeabilitiesandforitseconomicfunctionofpromotingtechnologicaldissemination（促进技术传播）.Thoughpatentlawistosomeextentaneffectivebalancebetweenindividualandcollectivebenefits(detailsofpatentedtechnologyistobeknownpubliclyinacertainyear技术公开和专利年限),obtainingthemonopolyoverpatentedtechnology（专利技术垄断）forpatentholders（专利权人）withinacertaintimehasneverthelesscausednegativeeffectsinthedevelopmentoftechnology.ProcessofTechnologyFourStagesoftheProcessofModernTechnologyInterestExpected（利益预期）TechnologicalIdeas（技术构想）TechnologyRealized（技术实现）,TechnologyUsed(interestrealized)（技术应用，利益实现）Withthedevelopmentofmarketeconomyandtechnologybecominganimportanttoolforeconomicdevelopment,interestexpectedhasincreasinglyplayedanimportantroleintheprocessoftechnologicaldevelopment..TheDefinitionofTechnologicalDevelopmentAprocessoftechnologyfromonestagetoanotherstageoftransformationAtechnologicaldiffusionfromonetechnologicalsystemtoanother,inthesameordifferentindustrialenterprises,aswellasonaninternationalscaleExample:theTreatmentandControlofAIDSAIDS(acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome)isoneoftheinfectiousdiseaseswhichcausethehighestrateofdeathintheworld.Roughly6,000peoplebecomeinfectedwithHIVeachday,withatotalofapproximately2.7millionnewinfectionsperyear.Worldwide,anestimated33millionpeoplearelivingwithHIV/AIDS,with22millionofthoseindividualslivinginsub-SaharanAfrica.EveniftheincidenceofHIVinfectionscontinuestodeclineatcurrentrates—forwhichthereisnoguarantee—therewillstillbemorethan22millionnewinfectionsby2015.Thoughvaccineshaveprovedtobeoneofthemostpowerfulandcost-effectiveofallpublichealthtools,uptonow,humanbeingshaven’tfoundeffectivevaccinetocontrolAIDS,andveryfewpeople,companyororganizationinvesttothiskindofvaccine.ThepooroutcomesofoneHIVvaccinetrialin2007promptedreductionsincommercialinvestmentandredirectionofgovernmentfundingtowardmorebasicresearch.Bill&MelindaGatesfoundationdonated287millionUSDtofoundCAVD（TheCollaborationforAIDSVaccineDiscovery）inJuly2006.Onereasonofthenon-investmentistechnologicaldifficultyindiscovering,whiletheotherimportantreasonbeingfailuresofinterestexpectedwhichareascertainedbypatentsystem.Technologicaldevelopmentissetbackinthefirststage.HumanbeingsfindwaystotreatAIDS.However,onlyafewrichpeoplecanaffordit.Tomostpatientlivinginsubsaharacountries,theycanonlysufferfromAIDSuntildead.Patentsoftechnologycausehighpricesandholdbackoftechnologicaldissemination.Technologicaldevelopmentissetbackinthefourthstage:technologyused.CaseProcessTheControlofAIDSTheTreatmentofAIDSInterestExpectedno(GatesFoundation)yesTechnologicalIdeasnoyesTechnologicalRealizednoyesTechnologicalUsednosomerichpeopleConclusions:Interest-orientedofpatenttopatentholdersmakeinterest,notsocialneeds,becomethedirectdrivingforcefortechnologicalinnovation,andthetechnologyfailedininterest-expectedusuallyhasnotbeendeveloped.Monopolyoverpatentedtechnologybestowedbypatentlawmakesthepricesoftechnologicalproductsunreasonablyhigherthantheirvalue,whichhaslimiteditspopularization.Monopolymakestechnologicaldiffusion,inthesame,orindifferent,andinternationalcountriesaswell,becomedifficult,andmakesaseriousresultinthedevelopmentoftechnologyasawhole,andinthesmallbusinessesinsimilarorheterogeneousindustries,underdevelopedanddevelopingcountriesandothervulnerablegroup.MANYTHANKS!!!