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一.relatedconception(相关概念)1.名词:表示人或事物的名称的词叫名词。2.名词在句子当中一般可以作什么成分?名词在句中主要作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。TheboyisliMing.主语表语Mr.Liang,a24-year-oldboy,teachesusEnglish.主语同位语宾语在英语的句子结构中，本来该由名词充当的主语、宾语、表语和同位语，由一个句子来充当,这个句子就叫名词性从句。3.什么是名词性从句?名词性从句主语从句(TheSubjectClause)宾语从句(TheObjectClause)表语从句(ThePredicativeClause)同位语从句(TheAppositiveClause)主语从句在复合句中作主句的主语.引导词有连词that(that不可省略),whether;连接代词有who,what,which;连接副词when,where,how,why等.如:1).连接词:that,whetherHeisafamoussinger.Itisknowntous.1.Thatheisafamoussingerisknowntous.(Itisknowntousthatheisafamoussinger.)WillwevisittheGreatWalltomorrow?Ithasnotbeendecided.WhetherwewillvisittheGreatWallhasnotbeendecide.Hewillwinthegame.Itiscertain.Willhewinthegame?Itisnotcertain.Thathewillwinthegameiscertain.Itiscertainthathewillwinthegame.Whetherhewillthegameisnotcertain.2).连接代词:who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whicheverWhosebagisit?Itcan`tbetold.Whosebagitiscan`tbetold.Whatdoesheneed?Itismoney.Whatheneedsismoney.无论你刚才说什么都是对的.Whateveryousaidisallright.3).连接副词:when,where,why,how,howmany,howmuchhowlong,howsoon,howoftenWhenwillwestarttomorrow?Itwillbetoldsoon.Whenwewillstarttomorrowwillbetoldsoon.我们将怎样制定计划已经被老师解释清楚了.Howwewillmaketheplanhasbeenexplainedclearlybytheteacher.为什么他来这里还是不被人所知道.Whyhecomeshereisnotknown.1.为什么有时侯用that,whether,有时侯用连接代词,或着有时候用连接副词?2.它的语序有没有变化?2.总结:1).主语从句一律用陈述句语序,即主语在前,谓语在后.2).连接词that在从句中无实际意义,起引导作用,不作任何成分,但不能省略.Whenwillhecomeisnotknown.错误Whenhewillcomeisnotknown.Hewillnotcometothemeetingthiseveningistrue.错误Thathewillnotcometothemeetingthiseveningistrue.但是whatisthematter和whatiswrong不可改变语序3).whether可以引导主语从句解释为”是否”,但if不能.4).whoever,whatever,whichever等词可以引导主语从句,但nomatterwho,nomatterwhat等不能,它们只能引导让步状语从句.5).为避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.例:Itiswellknown/reported/thought/said/…that…Itisclear/necessary/certain/true/doubtful/…that…Itisapity/ashame/anhonour/…that…Itdoesn’tmatterwhether…/Itseemsthat…Ithappensthat…Webelieve(that)heishonest.Itoldhim(that)Iwouldcomebacksoon.Hesaid(that)hewouldgotherethenextdayandthathisfamilywouldn’tgothere宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语,放在实义动词或介词的后面.引导词有连词that(that常可省略),whether,if;代词有who,whose,what,which;副词有when,where,how,why等.如:总结:2.注意点1).宾语从句一律用陈述句的语序.2).引导宾语从句的连词that也无实际意义,多数情况下可以省略.3).whether和if都可以引导宾语从句但:(1).当whether后紧跟ornot时,不用if.(2).介词后面的宾语从句不能用if.例:IworryaboutwhetherIhurtherfeeling.1.宾语从句的引导词:宾语从句的连接词与引导主语从句的连接词相同.例:Idon’tknowwhetherIwillstayornot.3.放句首，解释为“是否”Whethershewillgohomeisnotunknown.4.表语从句解释为”是否“用whetherThequestioniswhetherwecancollectenoughmoney.4).that在宾语从句中的省略与保留(1).在主+谓+it(形式宾语)+宾补+that从句(真正宾语)的句型中不省略.例:Wemustmakeitclearthatwemeanwhatwesay.(2).由连词and连接的两个由that引导的宾语从句中,第一个that可以省略,第二that不能省.Hetoldme(that)hewouldcomeandthathewouldcomeontime.表语从句在复合句中作主句的表语,常放在be动词的后面.引导词有连词that(that不可省略),whether;代词有who,what,which;副词when,where,how,why等.如:Theproblemisthatwedidn’tgetintouchwithhim.ThisishowHenrysolvedtheproblem.Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)finishtheworkatonce.如果句子的主语是suggestion,advice.order等名词时,后面引导的表语从句用should+动词原形,should可省略.2.注意点1).表语从句一律用陈述句的语序.2).表语从句的引导词that无实际意义,但不能省略.3).表语从句只能用whether,而不能用if引导.Whatmanypeopleareworriedaboutiswhetherwewillbeabletobuildabetterfuture.Thereasonwhyhewaslatethismorningisbecausethattherewasalotoftrafficontheroad.Thereasonwhy+句子bethat+从句.For+名词今天早上他迟到的原因是因为路上行人太多.Thereasonwhyhewaslatethismorningisthattherewasalotoftrafficontheroad.或This/it/that/isbecause+从句…等句型.Hewaslatethismorning.Thatwasbecausetherewasalotoftrafficontheroad.同位语从句在句中起同位语的作用.一般放在名词fact,news,idea,promise,thought,suggestion等之后,用以说明或解释前面的名词.引导词有连词that;少数情况下也可用连接副词howwhenwhere等.如:1.Thethoughtthatwemightsucceedexcitedus.2.Theideathattheyshouldtryasecondtimeisworthconsidering.3.Thesuggestionthattheplan(should)bedelayedwillbediscussedtomorrow.名词suggestion,advice.order等词后的同位语从句的谓语动词要用should+动词原形,should可省略.4.Ihavenoideawhenhewillbeback.注意1.that引导的同位语从句前面的名词常见的有:idea,fact,news,belief,thought,doubt,suggestion,proof,message,order,conclusion,desire,theory,truth,word,hope,information等.2.that在从句中只是起引导作用,不作任何成分.•1.Whenwewillstartisnotclear.•2.MrsBlackwon’tbelievethathersonhasbecomeathief.•3.Myideaisthatweshoulddoitrightnow.•4.Ihadnoideathatyouwereherfriend.主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句I名词性从句的种类一、同位语从句与定语从句的相似之处1、两种从句都可以译成定语e.g.Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchisencouraging.（同位语从句）我们队取得决赛胜利的消息令人鼓舞。Thenewsthatyoutoldusisreallyencouraging.（定语从句）你告诉我们的消息真的令人鼓舞。一、同位语从句与定语从句的相似之处2、两种从句都可以用that引导e.g.Thesuggestionthatstudentsshouldlearnsomethingpracticalisworthconsidering.（同位语从句）学生应该学些实用的东西的建议值得考虑。Thesuggestionthatisworthconsideringisthatthestudentsshouldlearnsomethingpractical.（定语从句）值得考虑的建议是学生应该学些实用的东西。二、同位语从句与定语从句的不同之处1、从句的作用不同：同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容；定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的名词。e.g.Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchisencouraging.（从句说明“消息”的内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。）Thenewsthatyoutoldusisreallyencouraging.（从句对“消息”加以限定：是你告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道。但消息是何内容却不得而知。）二、同位语从句与定语从句的不同之处2、引导从句的关联词that的功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，既指代先行词又须在从句中充当成分。e.g.1)DadmadeapromisethathewouldbuymeCDplayerifIpassedtheEnglishtest.（that不充当任何成分）2)Dadmadeapromisethatexcitedallhischildren.（that指代promise，又在从句中充当主语。）Tel