英语语言学

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语言学知识点I语言学导论II语言学主要分支学科III语言学的流派和理论I语言学导论1.designfeatureoflanguage(语言的定义特征)2.LanguageFamilies(世界语言分类)3.importantdistinctionsinlinguistics(语言学研究中几对重要的概念)4.scopeoflinguistics(语言学的研究范围)1.designfeatureoflanguage(语言的定义特征)definingpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication1.designfeatureoflanguage语言定义特征1)Arbitrariness(任意性)2)Duality(二层性)3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性)4)Displacement(移位性)5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递性)1)Arbitrariness(任意性):定义:theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.举例:书,book,livre喜欢,like,aimer2)Duality(二层性):定义:thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevel.举例:Soundssyllableswordsphrasesclausessentencestexts/discourses3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性):定义:Languagecanbeusedtocreatenewmeaningsbecauseofitsduality举例1:/k/,/a:/,/p/----carporpark举例2:England,defeated,FranceEnglanddefeatedFrance.FrancedefeatedEngland.4)Displacement(替代性):定义:Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizesomethingwhicharenotpresentatthemomentofcommunication.5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递性):定义:languageispassedonfromgenerationtogenerationthroughteachingandlearningratherthaninstinct.反例:印度狼孩3.Designfeature定义特征1)Arbitrariness(任意性)2)Duality(二层性)3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性)4)Displacement(移位性)5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递性)如何记忆:五性,创意遗传4.ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics(语言学研究中几对重要的概念)1)descriptive&prescriptive2)synchronic&diachronic3)langue&parole4)competence&performance1)Descriptive(描述性)vs.Prescriptive(规定性)Descriptive:describinghowthingsare.prescriptive:prescribinghowthingsoughttobeImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics举例:Don'tsayX.Peopledon'tsayX.Thefirstisaprescriptivecommand,whilethesecondisadescriptivestatement.2).Synchronic(共时性)vs.Diachronic(历时性)synchronic:takesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.diachronic:thestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.举例:研究1800年的英语发音Synchronicstudies(共时性研究)研究1800-1900的法语语法变化Diachronicstudies(历时研究)2.世界语言分类Languagefamily语系languagegroup语族Languagebranch语支印欧语系,汉藏语系,南岛语系,阿尔泰语系,南亚语系印欧语系下的日耳曼语族,罗曼语族,凯尔特语族,斯拉夫语族,伊朗印度语族日耳曼语族下分东日耳曼语支,西日耳曼支,北日耳曼语支2.世界语言分类Languagefamily语系languagegroup语族Languagebranch语支印欧语系,汉藏语系,南岛语系,阿尔泰语系,南亚语系印欧语系下的日耳曼语族,罗曼语族,凯尔特语族,斯拉夫语族,伊朗印度语族日耳曼语族下分西日耳曼支,东日耳曼语支,北日耳曼语支Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily印欧语系Germanicgroup日耳曼语族WestBranch西日耳曼语支英语,德语NorthBranch瑞典语,丹麦语--Celticgroup凯尔特语族NorthCelticgroup北凯尔特语支爱尔兰语,盖尔语SouthCelticgroup南凯尔特语支威尔士语Romangroup罗曼语族WestRomanGroup西罗曼语支法语,西班牙语等东支罗马尼亚语Slavicgroup斯拉夫语族WestSlavicgroup斯拉夫语西支波兰语,捷克语东支俄语ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics3).langue(语言)&parole(言语)Theorist:Saussure(索绪尔),fatherofmodernlinguisticslangue:abstractlinguisticsystemparole:actualrealizationoflangueImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics举例:汉语系统langue每个中国人在不同具体场景中说出的具体话语paroleImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics4)Competence(语言能力)andperformance(语言运用)theorist:Chomsky(乔姆斯基)competence:user'sknowledgeofrulesaboutthelinguisticsystem.performance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinconcretesituations.5.ScopeofLinguistics(语言学的研究范围)1)按研究内容来分2)按研究导向来分语言学分类-按研究内容分LinguisticsMicro-linguistics语言内部问题Macro-linguistics语言与外部世界关系问题语言学分类-按研究内容分Micro-LinguisticssoundPhonetics(语音学)Phonology(音系学)wordMorphology(形态学)sentenceSyntax(句法学)meaningSemantics(语义学)Pragmatics(语用学)Macro-linguisticsLanguage&SocietySociolinguistics社会语言学Language&MindPsycholinguistics心理语言学Language&Cultureanthropologicallinguistics人类语言学Language&ComputerComputationalLinguistics计算机语言学语言学分类-按研究导向分LinguisticsTheoreticalLinguisticsLinguisticnature,universalrulesAppliedLinguisticslanguageacquisition,teaching,assessment语言学分类-按研究内容分Micro-LinguisticssoundPhonetics(语音学)Phonology(音系学)wordMorphology(形态学)sentenceSyntax(句法学)meaningSemantics(语义学)Pragmatics(语用学)语言学分类-按研究内容分Micro-LinguisticssoundPhonetics(语音学)Phonology(音系学)wordMorphology(形态学)sentenceSyntax(句法学)meaningSemantics(语义学)Pragmatics(语用学)考点:1.语音学(phonetics)和音系学(phonology)的定义和区别2.语音学重要概念:清音和浊音3.音系学重要概念:音子,音位,超音段特征Phoneticsstudiesallspeechsoundsinhumanlanguages:howtheyareproduced,transmittedandhowtheyarereceived.Phonology:aimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.区别:meaning(是否研究和表达意义有关的语音)举例:too和tea中的/t/发too中的/t/时,舌位更靠近口腔前部发tea中的/t/时,舌位更靠近口腔后部语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处,音系学不研究Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.语音学分类articulatoryphonetics(发音语音学):speaker’sproductionacousticphonetics(声学语音学):transmission’smediumauditoryphonetics(听觉语音学):receiver’sreception如何记忆phonetics和phonolgy的区别:联想:mathematics,physics,mechanicsphonetics语言学,-ics科学性更强geology,sociology,astrologyphonology音系学,-ology人文性更强HowspeechsoundsaremadeSpeechorgansPositionofthevocalfolds(声带):voicing(浊音)andvoiceless(清音)Voiceless(清音):vocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingtheairstreamgothroughwithoutcausingobstruction清音举例:[p,s,t]Voicing/Voiced(浊音):vocalcordsheldtogether,lettingtheairstreamvibrates浊音:[b,z,d]Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream.As

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