89行政管理专业英语讲义

11.ConceptDifferentiation…………………………………………22.ManagementModel……………………………………………23.Rolesofadministrator(perspectivesfromMintzberg’sclassification)……………………………………………………24.ContrastingBusinessandpublicadministration……………35.PoliticsandAdministration……………………………………46.Bureaucracy……………………………………………………47.NotesontheTheoryofOrganization…………………………48.ATheoryofHumanMotivation………………………………69.Parkinson'sLawortheRisingPyramid………………………610.HistoricalTrendsinleadershipTheoryandResearch………811.ReinventingGovernment……………………………………912.OpeningAdministrationtothePublic………………………1013.CommunityParticipation…………………………………1514.Decentralization………………………………………………1515.GoodGovernanceandManagement………………………1616.CommunityDevelopment…………………………………1717.PovertyAlleviation…………………………………………1818.SocialRiskManagement……………………………………1819.ThreeBigQuestionsinPublicManagement………………1920.UrbanGovernance…………………………………………20Wordsandphraseslearning……………………………………2121.ConceptDifferentiation1)PublicAdministration,PublicManagement,andPoliticsPublicadministration:Politician(statesman);Politics(orgovernment);BureaucracyPublicManagement:Manager;Business;CorporateladderPolitics:Legitimacy;Sovereignty;Authority2)TheconceptofManagementA.Theartofgettingthingsdonethroughpeople.B.Managementistheprocessofplanning,organizing,andcontrollingtheeffortswithorganizationalmembersandtheuseofotherorganizationalresourcesinordertoachievestatedorganizationalgoals.Planningmeansthatmanagersthinktheiractionsthroughinadvance.Theiractionsareusuallybasedonsomemethods,plans,orlogic,ratherthanonahunch.Organizingmeansthatmanagerscoordinatethehumanandmaterialresourcesofanorganization.Thestrengthofanorganizationliesinitsabilitytomarshalresourcestoattainagoal.Controllingmeansthatmanagersattempttoassuretheorganizationmovingtowardsitsgoal.Leadingmeansthatmanagersdirectandinfluencesubordinates.2.ManagementModelExternalEnvironment(includingtaskenvironment,Socialenvironment,Organization)InternalEnvironment(includingfactors-structure,culture,resources)A:strategyFormulationMissionObjectivesStrategyPoliciesB:StrategyImplementationProgramsbudgetsproceduresC:Evaluations&ControlPerformanceAppraisalFeedback3.Rolesofadministrator(perspectivesfromMintzberg’sclassification)Technical-RationalPerspective:Descriptionsofmanagementandorganizationsthatfocusonthemechanisticaspectsoforganizationandtheformalmanagementfunctionsofplanning,organizing,coordinating,deciding,andcontrolling.BehavioralPerspective:Descriptionsofmanagementbasedonbehavioralscientists’observationsofhoworganizationsactuallybehaveandwhatmanagers3actuallydointheirjobs.CognitivePerspectives:Descriptionsofmanagementandorganizationswhichemphasizetheroleofknowledge,corecompetency,andperceptualfilters.ManagerialRoles:Expectationsoftheactivitiesthatmanagersshouldperforminanorganization.InterpersonalRoles:managerialroleswheremanagersactsasfigureheadsandleadersfortheorganizations.InformationalRoles:managerialrolewheremanagersactasthenervecentersoftheirorganizations,receivinganddisseminating（传播）criticalinformation.DecisionalRoles:managerialroleswheremanagersinitiateactivities,handledisturbances,allocateresources,andnegotiateconflicts.4.ContrastingBusinessandpublicadministration1、Similarities:Organizationaldesign;Theallocationofscarceresources;Themanagementofpeople.2、Distinction:(1)Primarydistinction:(a)makingaprofit;(b)Deliveringservicesorregulatingindividualorgroupbehaviorinthepubicinterest.(2)Secondarydistinction:(a)Ambiguity:Thepurposestobeserved.BusinessManagement:Thebottom-lineprofitisthebasicmeasureofevaluatinghowgoodajobtheorganizationisdoing;Theperformanceofindividualmanagerscanbedirectlymeasuredintermsoftheirunit’scontributiontotheoverallofthecompany.PublicAdministration:Thepublicserviceishardtospecifyormeasure.Protectthequalityofenvironment----nofinancial“bottom-line”(b)PluralisticDecisionMaking:Theworktobedone.BusinessManagement:easyDecisionmightbemaderapidlybyoneindividualofasmallgroup;PublicAdministration:hardRequiremanygroupsandindividualstoattendthedecisionprocess.“Thediversityofinterestsseekingtoaffectpolicyisthenatureandessenceofdemocraticgovernment”(Blumenthal,1983)(c)Visible:Theworkhasbeendone.BusinessManagement:Notallthepublicwillcensorexceptfortheshareholders;PublicAdministration:Theworkissubjecttoconstantscrutinybythepressandbythepublic.4“Ingovernment,youareoperatinginagoldfishbowl.Youchangeyourmindormakeablunder,ashumanbeingsdo,andit’sonthefrontpageofeverynewspaper”(Rumsfeld,1983)5.PoliticsandAdministrationFrankJ.GoodnowThesedefinitions,itwillbenoticed,bothlaystressuponthefactthatpoliticshastodowiththeguidingorinfluencingofgovernmentalpolicy,whileadministrationhastodowiththeexecutionofthatpolicy.Itisthesetwofunctionswhichitisheredesiredtodifferentiate,andforwhichthewords“politics”and“administration”havebeenchosen.Thereare,then,inallgovernmentalsystemstwoprimaryorultimatefunctionsofgovernment,viz.theexpressionofthewillofthestateandtheexecutionofthatwill.Therearealsoinallstatesseparateorgans,eachofwhichismainlybusiedwiththedischargeofoneofthesefunctions.T