语言学

EnglishLinguistics英语语言学ChapterSixLanguageandCognition语言与认知Whatislanguage?Whatiscognition?I.Cognition(I).Definition:•Mentalprocessesofanindividual,informationprocessing•Mentalprocessorfacultyofknowing,includingawareness,perception,reasoning,andjudgment.(Ⅱ).Threeapproachestothestudyoflanguageandcognition:1.Theformalapproach:addressesthestructuralpatterns,includingthestudyofmorphological,syntactic,andlexicalstructure.2.Thepsychologicalapproach:looksatlanguagefromtheperspectiveofgeneralcognitivesystemsrangingfromperception,memory,attentiontoreasoning.PSYCHOLOGICALLINGUISTICS心理语言学3.Theconceptualapproach:addresseshowlanguagestructures(processes&patterns)conceptualcontent.COGNITIVELINGUISTICS认知语言学Ⅱ.Psycholinguistics(I).Definition:Psycholinguisticsisthestudyofpsychologicalaspectsoflanguage,itusuallystudiesthepsychologicalstatesandmentalactivityassociatedwiththeuseoflanguage.(Ⅱ).Threesubjectsofresearch•Languageacquisition•Languagecomprehension•Languageproduction1.LanguageAcquisition(1).Definition:•Languageacquisitionistheprocessbywhichhumansacquirethecapacitytoperceiveandcomprehendlanguage,aswellastoproduceandusewordstocommunicate.(2).StudiesonLanguageacquisition:•Oneofthecentraltopicsinpsycholinguistics•Allnormalhumansspeak,nononhumananimaldoes.•Children’sacquisitionoflanguagehasreceivedmuchattention.•Scholarskeptdiariesofchildren’sspeechfortheirresearchdata.(3).StagesofLanguageacquisition:a.Holophrasticstage(fromtwomonthstoayear)–Language’ssoundpatterns–Phoneticdistinctionsinparents’language.–One-wordstage:objects,actions,motions,routines.b.Two-wordstage(around18months)c.Three-wordstage–Givedoggiepaper.–Puttruckwindow.–Tractorgofloor.d.Fluentgrammaticalconversationstage•Embedoneconstituentinsideanother:–Givedoggiepaper.–Givebigdoggiepaper.•Usemorefunctionwords:missingfunctionwordsandinflectioninthebeginningbutgooduse(90%)bytheageof3,withafullrangeofsentencetypes.•Allpartsofalanguageareacquiredbeforethechildturnsfour.2.Languagecomprehension(1).Definition:•Thementalprocessinwhichhumanscanunderstandsentencesthatcarrynovelmessagesinawayexquisitelysensitivetothestructureofthelanguage.(2).Stagesoflanguagecomprehension:•a.wordrecognition•b.comprehensionofsentences•c.comprehensionoftexts3.Languageproduction(1).Definition:•Inpsycholinguistics,languageproductionistheproductionofspokenorwrittenlanguage.Itdescribesallofthestagesbetweenhavingaconcept,andtranslatingthatconceptintolinguisticform.(2).Stagesoflanguageproduction:•a.accesstowords•b.generationofsentences•c.writtenlanguageproductionⅢ.CognitiveLinguistics•Definition:Itisthescientificstudyoftherelationbetweenthewaywecommunicateandthewaywethink.•Itisbasedonhumanexperiencesoftheworldandthewaytheyperceiveandconceptualizethe(I)ConstrualandConstrualOperations(识解与识解活动)•Construal:theabilitytoconceiveandportraythesamesituationindifferentwaysConstrualOperationsincludethefollowingaspects:•Attention/salience(注意∕突显)•Weactivatethemostrelevantconceptsmorethanconceptsthatareirrelevanttowhatwearethinkingabout.aWedrovealongtheroad.(aline:one-dimenaional)b.Sheranacrosstheroad.(asurface:two-dimenaional)c.Theworkersdugthroughtheroad.(avolume:three-dimenaional)•a.Hecleanedthewindow.(glass)•b.Heopenedthewindow.(frame)•a.I’vebrokenthewindow.(I)•b.Astonehasbrokenthewindow.(stone)2.Judgment/Comparison(判断∕比较)Figure/Ground(图形∕背景)•Wecannotattendtoallfacetsofasceneatthesametime.Wecannotpayattentiontoeverything.Instead,wefocusoneventsofparticularsalience.•Figure-groundorganization–Thegroundseemstobeplacedbehindthefigureextendinginthebackground.–Thefigureisthusmoreprominent,orevenmoreinteresting,thantheground.•Figure-ground•Figure-groundalsoseemstoapplytoourperceptionofmovingobjects.•Inordertodistinguishbetweenstationaryanddynamicfigure-groundrelations,somecognitivelinguists(egRonaldLangacker)usethetermtrajector（射体）foramovingfigureandlandmark（界标）forthegroundofamovingfigure.•There’sacat[figure]onthemat[ground]•Therearestillsomepeanuts[figure]inthebag[ground]•Batman[figure]wasstandingontheroof[ground]•Thecomputer[figure]underthetable[ground]ismine•Thespacecraft[figure]washoveringoverMetropolis[ground]•Tarzan[trajector]jumpedintotheriver[landmark]•Spiderman[trajector]climbedupthewall[landmark]•Thebird[trajector]wingeditswayoutthewindow[landmark]•We[trajector]wentacrossthefield[landmark]•I[trajector]’mgoingtoLondon[landmark]3.Perspective∕Situatedness(视角∕情景)Perspective：thewayinwhichweviewasceneintermsofoursituatedness.Itgenerallydependsontwothings:•wherewearesituatedinrelationtothescenewe'reviewing•howthesceneisarrangedinrelationtooursituatedness.–Thetreeisbehindtheman.–Thetreeisinfrontoftheman.(Ⅱ)Categorization（范畴化）1.Definition:•Theprocessofclassifyingourexperiencesintodifferentcategoriesbasedoncommonalitiesanddifferences.2.Threelevelsincategories:–basiclevel–superordinatelevel–subordinatelevelBasiclevelSuperordinatelevelAnimalHorseDogCatChihuahuaGermandachshundshepherdSubordinatelevelVerticalorganization(Ⅲ)ImageSchema（意象图式）•Definition:Arecurring,dynamicpatternofourperceptualinteractionsandmotorprograms