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第三类教育5.Anationshouldrequireallitsstudentstostudythesamenationalcurriculumuntiltheyentercollegeratherthanallowschoolsindifferentpartsofthenationtodeterminewhichacademiccoursestooffer.一个国家应该要求所有的学生在进入大学之前都学习由国家统一制定的课程，而不是允许由国家不同地区的学校去决定课程的安排。反对Ontheonehand,anationalcurriculumcontributestopreservingaunifiednationalcultureandnationalcohesion.Furthermore,ageneralcurriculumdecidedbyauthorityratherthanbylocalschoolsavoidslimitingstudentstoanarrowscopeofknowledgetooearly.Ontheotherhand,inamulti-culturalsociety,differentethniccommunitiesshouldbegiventheopportunitytopreserveandpromotetheirtraditionalcultures.It’sbeneficialtograntlocalschoolsthefreedomtoofferstudentssomeelectivecourses,whichcanhelptheschooltobuilditsuniqueculturecharisma.-----------------32.Aschoolorcollegeshouldpayitsteachersatthesamerateinalldisciplines,regardlessofdifferencesinsalariesforrelatedfieldsintheworldoutsideofschool.Forexample,entry-levelteachersinmathematicsandintheartsshouldreceivethesamepay,evenifoutsideofschool,mathspecialistsearnamuchhighersalaryonaveragethandospecialistsinthearts.不管在校园外不同领域之间薪水的差异有多大，学校对于所有学科老师的待遇应该是一视同仁的。比如，低年级的数学和美术老师应该享有同样的收入，即便在校外，数学专家的收入一般是要比艺术家高得多。Thesalaryrateateacherreceivesshouldberelatednottohis/herdisciplinebuthis/hereffortandcontributiontotheeducationalcourse.Absolutelyidenticalrateisunfair.Teachersofsomedisciplineshavetoassumemoreharshworkunderworsecircumstances.Ifthedifferencesinsalariesforrelatedfieldsintheworldoutsideofschoolorcollegearedismissed,schoolsandcollegesmayhavetofacethelossofitsstaff.孤立的校园---------------------34.Insteadofrequiringstudentstotakecoursesinavarietyofdisciplines--thatis,coursesrangingfromtheartsandthehumanitiestothephysicalandbiologicalsciences--collegesanduniversitiesshouldallowstudentstoenrollonlyinthosecoursesthatwillhelppreparethemforjobsintheirchosenfields.Suchconcentrationisnecessaryintoday'sincreasinglywork-orientedsociety.与其要求学生们选修各种各样的学科----从艺术和人文科学到物理和生物科学----大学还不如允许学生们仅仅去选择那些有助于他们今后工作的学科。这种集中在当今这个工作至上的社会是必要的。Tobeginwith,schoolsshouldattachenoughimportancetocoursesthatcanhelpstudentsprepareforjobsintheirchosenfields.However,work-orientedcoursesisneverincompatiblewithothercoursessuchasarts,humanitiesandthelike,whichalsoplayanimportantroleinonecareersuccess.Inter-disciplinarystudyiscrucialfortheimprovementofeitherdiscipline.Thoughcoursesofawiderangeofdisciplinesshouldbemadecompulsory,sufficientfreedomshouldbegrantedtostudents.学科---------------------39.Theintellectualbenefitsofattendingauniversityorcollegearevastlyoverrated:mostpeoplecouldlearnmorebystudyingandreadingontheirownforfouryearsthanbypursuingauniversityorcollegedegree.大学学习的好处被过分的高估了：大多数人如果通过研究和阅读的方式自学四年的话，会比追求一个大学学位学到的更多。DisagreeSchoolsoffersystematicalcurriculum,qualifiedstaff,libraries,facilitiesandsoon,whicharenotavailabletoindividualswhostudyontheirown.Studyingwithpeersarousescompetitionandcooperation.Compulsorystudiesavoidslaziness.Qualifieddegreeshelpgetajoboffermoreeasily.However,degreedoesnotmeaneverything.Itisjustasymbol.Evenifyouhaveacollegedegree,youstillhavetoworkhardinorderachievecareersuccess.大学和自学--------------50.Inordertoimprovethequalityofinstructionatthecollegeanduniversitylevel,allfacultyshouldberequiredtospendtimeworkingoutsidetheacademicworldinprofessionsrelevanttothecoursestheyteach.为了改善大学的教学质量，所有的教员都应该被要求花一定时间到学术领域以外去参加和他们所教科目相关的工作。Position:Workingexperienceinrelevantprofessionsenablescollegeanduniversityfacultytoofferpracticalinstructiontostudents.First,facultywhoareactivelyengagedintheirfieldscometoclasswithfreshinsightsandcontagiousexcitementabouttheissueathand.Secondly,bykeepingabreastwiththechangingdemandsofworkasaprofessional,professorscanhelpstudentswhoareseriousaboutpursuingacareerinthatfieldtomakemoreinformedcareerdecisions.Thirdly,experienceinthefieldcanhelpaprofessorferretoutcutting-edgeandcontroversialissues—whichmightbeappropriatesubjectsforresearchandpublication.However,theteachersinsomedisciplinessuchasmathematics,literature,history,philosophy,etc.,mayfinditdifficulttocombinetheirteachingwithrelevantprofessionalfields.----------------51.Educationwillbetrulyeffectiveonlywhenitisspecificallydesignedtomeettheindividualneedsandinterestsofeachstudent.教育只有被专门设计来满足每一个学生个人需求和兴趣的时候才是真正有效率的。Student-orientededucationisthemosteffectivewaytohelpstudentslearn.Thetraditionalteacher-orientededucationoftenneglectstheindividualneedsandinterestsofeachstudent,whichprovescounterproductive.Student-orientededucationcanmosteffectivelyinvolveindividualstudentsinthelearningprocess.Nonetheless,winkingatstudents’unreasonabledesireswouldonlyresultinchaosineducation.少数和多数-------------------52.Educationencouragesstudentstoquestionandcriticize,andthereforedoeslittletopromotesocialharmony.教育鼓励学生们提出问题和进行批判，这样做的结果无助于促进社会的和谐。Encouragingstudentstoquestionandcriticizedoesnotnecessarilyharmsocialharmony.Socialharmonyhingesonmutualunderstandingamongmembersofthesociety,whichisachievedthroughactivecommunicationratherthanpassiveconformity.Theabilitytochallengeexistingauthoritiesandparadigmsrequiresintensivetraining