GRE句子填空(冲刺班)①

GREGRE句子填空（冲刺班）句子填空（冲刺班）北京新东方学校国外考试部杜昶旭2010-05-15课程大纲课程大纲�GRE填空的能力要求�GRE填空解题基本原则和“六步法”�GRE填空快速解题的“七种模式”�《最新模考练习题》题目分析GREGRE填空的能力要求填空的能力要求�ETS的官方说明◦Theverbalabilitymeasureisdesignedtotesttheabilitytoreasonwithwordsreasonwithwordsreasonwithwordsreasonwithwordsinsolvingproblems.Reasoningeffectivelyinaverbalmediumdependsprimarilyupontheabilitytheabilitytheabilitytheabilitytodiscern,comprehend,andanalyzetodiscern,comprehend,andanalyzetodiscern,comprehend,andanalyzetodiscern,comprehend,andanalyzerelationshipsamongwordsorgroupsofrelationshipsamongwordsorgroupsofrelationshipsamongwordsorgroupsofrelationshipsamongwordsorgroupsofwordsandwithinlargerunitsofdiscoursewordsandwithinlargerunitsofdiscoursewordsandwithinlargerunitsofdiscoursewordsandwithinlargerunitsofdiscoursesuchassentencesandwrittenpassages.suchassentencesandwrittenpassages.suchassentencesandwrittenpassages.suchassentencesandwrittenpassages.GREGRE填空的能力要求填空的能力要求�ETS的官方说明◦Thepurposeofthesentencecompletionquestionsistomeasuretheabilitytousethevariouskindsofcuesthevariouskindsofcuesthevariouskindsofcuesthevariouskindsofcuesprovidedbysyntaxandgrammarprovidedbysyntaxandgrammarprovidedbysyntaxandgrammarprovidedbysyntaxandgrammartorecognizetheoverallmeaningofasentence.Indecidingwhichoffivewordsorsetsofwordscanbestbesubstitutedforblankspacesinasentence,youmustanalyzetherelationshipsamongtheanalyzetherelationshipsamongtheanalyzetherelationshipsamongtheanalyzetherelationshipsamongthecomponentpartsoftheincompletesentence.componentpartsoftheincompletesentence.componentpartsoftheincompletesentence.componentpartsoftheincompletesentence.Youmustconsidereachanswerchoiceanddecidewhichcompletesthesentenceinsuchawaythatthesentencehasathesentencehasathesentencehasathesentencehasalogicallysatisfyingmeaningandcanbereadasalogicallysatisfyingmeaningandcanbereadasalogicallysatisfyingmeaningandcanbereadasalogicallysatisfyingmeaningandcanbereadasastylisticallyintegratedwhole.stylisticallyintegratedwhole.stylisticallyintegratedwhole.stylisticallyintegratedwhole.Sentencecompletionquestionsprovideacontextwithinwhichtoanalyzethefunctionofwordsastheyrelatetoandcombinewithoneanothertoformameaningfulunitofdiscourse.GREGRE填空的能力要求填空的能力要求输入（Input）输出（Output）句子结构逻辑关系语义认知词汇理解逻辑完整性语义完整性相关背景知识句子结构句子结构�任何句子都是一种层次化的结构�无论多复杂的句子都是由基本句型成长起来的◦基本句型�普通简单句�非简单句句子)1(1-n1jj1i+=∑∑==nni关联元素简单句非简单句∑==m1kki成分简单句句子结构句子结构�简单句分析◦定义：只有一套主谓结构的句子◦简单句分析的核心：谓语�谓语�谁发出的动作（主语）�谁承受的动作（宾语）或者主语有什么状态（表语）�修饰限制成分（定语、状语、同位语）◦分析重点：成分之间的关系句子结构句子结构�非简单句分析◦关联元素：连词、关系代词、冒号和分号◦非简单句分析的核心：关联元素�关联元素�若干分句�分句类型及它们之间的关系◦分析重点：分句类型和关系句子结构句子结构�FarfromviewingJeffersonasaskepticalbutenlightenedintellectual,historiansofthe1960’sportrayedhimasadoctrinairethinker,eagertofilltheyoungwithhispoliticalorthodoxywhilecensoringideashedidnotlike.句子结构句子结构�TheChinese,whobegansystematicastronomicalandweatherobservationsshortlyaftertheancientEgyptians,wereassiduousrecord-keepers,andbecauseofthis,canclaimhumanity’slongestcontinuousdocumentationofnaturalevents.TheChinesewereassiduousrecord-keepers,andbecauseofthis,canclaimhumanity’slongestcontinuousdocumentationofnaturalevents.WhobegansystematicastronomicalandweatherobservationsshortlyaftertheEgyptians.句子结构句子结构�Yellowfever,thediseasethatkilled4,000Philadelphiansin1793,andsodecimatedMemphis,Tennessee,thatthecitylostitscharter,hasreappearedafternearlytwodecadesinabeyanceintheWesternHemisphere.Decimate:tocausegreatdestructionorharmto“十一抽杀律”公元前471年，罗马共和国早期战争中，罗马人与沃尔斯奇人战斗，用这种方法处罚背叛的士兵。charter:特许状YellowFever:黄热病美国的黄热病大流行（1793和1879）Yellowfever,thedisease,hasreappearedafternearlytwodecadesinabeyanceintheWesternHemisphere.Thatkilled4,000Philadelphiansin1793,andsodecimatedMemphis,Tennessee.Thecitylostitscharter.句子结构的练习方法句子结构的练习方法�把非简单句拆分为若干个简单句◦以关联元素为拆分点�标记各个分句的类型◦参考各种从句形式�对所有简单句进行成分划分和分析，并明确成分之间的关系◦注意句子的谓语动词�写出各分句及整句的中文意思逻辑关系逻辑关系�逻辑关系真的那么难判断么？�需要搞清楚三个问题◦逻辑关系的识别和层次◦广义的同义/反义关系◦收敛逻辑推断逻辑关系的识别和层次逻辑关系的识别和层次�表示逻辑关系的标志◦连词、关系代词、动词、冒号、分号、介词短语、分词短语、不定式、副词、固定搭配逻辑关系的识别和层次逻辑关系的识别和层次�三个层次的逻辑关系◦句子与句子的逻辑关系�关联元素：只需要判断同义或者反义即可�原则：有反义逻辑关联元素的就是反义，其余的就是同义。◦词汇和句子之间的逻辑关系�修饰和解释：定语/状语/同位语从句�动宾：宾语从句/表语从句�主谓：主语从句逻辑关系的识别和层次逻辑关系的识别和层次�三个层次的逻辑关系◦词汇之间（包括空格）的逻辑关系�语义逻辑：并列、修饰和解释、动宾、主谓、递进、复指�方向逻辑：同义和反义◦判断原则�一般情况下，词汇之间的方向逻辑与句子的逻辑一致。�否定词改变词汇之间的方向逻辑。逻辑关系判断的方法：是否有反义？是否有否定？有几个否定？广义的同义广义的同义//反义关系反义关系�广义的同义关系◦同义词◦上/下义词◦感情色彩相同的词◦正负方向相同的词◦逻辑相关的词（动作-结果、人物-特征等）�广义的反义关系◦反义词◦感情色彩相反的词◦正负方向相反的词◦与极端词相对的中性词上上//下义词下义词�词A和词B为上/下义词的条件◦若AisakindofB,则A是B的下义词，B是A的上义词。◦举例：apple/fruit;chemistry/science�上/下义词之间的关系◦思考：男人能做的事儿，人一定能做；人能做的事儿，男人不一定能做。对吗？◦GRE填空的句子是一个有限定范围的语境，所以上/下义词等价。与极端词相对的中性词与极端词相对的中性词�“好”的反义词是什么？◦坏◦不好不坏◦既有好又有坏�任何词的反义词都是直接对该词进行否定后的结果基于收敛逻辑的推断基于收敛逻辑的推断�GRE填空教程是由___________编写的。�十五岁的小张____________。�越直接的逻辑关系越正确！�背景知识不能作为题目的判断依据!本书编写组今年十五岁逻辑分析实例逻辑分析实例�AlthoughthefeedingactivitiesofwhalesandwalrusesgivetheseaflooroftheBeringShelfa______appearance,theseactivitiesseemtobeactuallybeneficialtothearea,enhancingitsproductivity.逻辑分析实例逻辑分析实例�Heavilyperfumedwhiteflowers,suchasgardenias,werefavoriteswithcollectorsintheeighteenthcentury,when_______wasvaluedmuchmorehighlythanitistoday.