语法：非谓语动词

非谓语动词的句法功能•一作主语A.不定式•Toseeistobelieve.(强调具体行动更强调一次性)B.–ing•Seeingisbelieving.眼见为实(一般行为)C.the+过去分词表一类人Theinjuredweresenttohospital.常用不定式的惯用句1.Itis+adj.+todostheg:Itisnotsafetodrinkthepollutedwater.Itis+adj.+ofsbtodosthforsbtodostheg:Itiskindofhimtohelp.(Heiskind.)Itisimpossibleforhimtohelpus.(Heisimpossible.x)2.Itisa/an+n(crime,mistake,pity,shame,goodidea)+todostheg:Itisanoffencetotakephotoshere.3.Ittakes+…todostheg:Itwouldtakeyearstorebuildthecastle.常用不定式的惯用句常用-ing的惯用句1.Itisnouse/goodwaitingforhim.2.Mysister’sfallingillworriedmymothergreatly.逻辑主语形容词性物主代词名词所有格二作表语Ａ.不定式说明主语的内容表具体某次动作或即将发生的动作．1.Myhobbyistocollectoldcoins.The“to”isoptionalinsentencessuchas:Theonlythingtodo/wecandois(to)writetohim.Allwecandoistowritetohim.2.OuraimistobuildChinaintoapowerful,modernsocialistcountry.Ｂ.–ing•主语常是表示事物或动作的名词－说明主语的内容（动名词）HerjobisteachingEnglish.•主语常是表示事物的名词－表示主语所具有的特征（现在分词）Thenewsisexciting.Ｃ.过去分词－表示主语所处的状态主语常是表示人的名词Iammarried.三作宾语Ａ.不定式某些动词后面要接不定式作宾语:intend,decide,wish,want,refuse,promise等注意：help(to)dosth在expect,mean,intend,want,like,prefer,hate等之后+theretobeeg:Peopledon’twanttheretobeanotherwar.B.–ing1.某些动词后要接–ing作宾语：admit,avoid,dislike,mind,finish,practise,enjoy,imagine,suggest,feellike,can’thelp,delay,consider,etc•Wedon’tmindhimexplainingtheproblemagain.（逻辑主语常由名词或代词也可用名词所有格形容词性物主代词）2.某些介词词组之后：•befondof,lookforwardto,besorryfor,what/howabout,insiston,havedifficultyin,befor/against,beinterestedin,without,giveup,keepon两种形式都可以但意义不同remembertodosthforgettodosthrememberdoingsthforgetdoingsthmeantodosthtrytodosthmeandoingsthtrydoingsthstoptodosthgoontodosthstopdoingsthgoondoingsthregrettodosthbeafraidtodosthregretdoingsthbeafraidofdoingsth两种形式意义相同但用法不同•start/begintododoingsth(1.动词表心理活动,如realize,understand等用不定式；•2.begin与start的进行时态后只接不定式；•3.主语为无生命物用不定式Itbegantothunder)need*sth.requiredoing/tobedonewantsth.主语（表物）*beworthdoing常用不定式的惯用语：①Wethinkitimpossibletofinishtheworksosoon.形式宾语(常见动词：believe,consider,find,discover)②动词（ask,decide,discover,findout,forget,know,learn,show,wonder等）+how/what/when等疑问词+todoeg:Hediscoveredhowtoopenthesafe.③but/except(prep.)+todosth./dosth.eg:Hehasnochoicebuttoliedownandsleep.Hehasnothingtodobutliedownandsleep.not…but连词词组，表示对比或强调Theydecidenottovisitotherplacesbuttoremainwheretheirwere.四、作宾语补足语A.不定式（宾语为动作的执行者）①某些动词之后加带to的不定式作宾补：advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,command,except,get等。*promisesb.todosth.（由主语去做的动作）Hismotherpromised(him)tobuyhimabigcakeforhisbirthday.②某些动词之后加不带to的不定式做宾补:make,let,have,see,hear,watch,notice,feel,listento,lookat等。*被动句式中需添回toHewasseentoplaybytheriver.B.–ing（宾语为动作的执行者）某些动词之后加-ing作宾补:see,hear,notice,watch,observe,feel,listento,lookat,make,have,get,find,keep,leave,catch等。getthecargoing,gettheenginerunningcatch/findsb.doingsth.smellsomethingburningseesb.dosth.看见事物的全过程，目的在于仅仅说明发生了该件事（或动作已经完成，或经常性动作）。seesb.doingsth.:正在进行的动作的一部分，目的是将该动作当时进行的情景呈现于读者之前。C.过去分词（宾语为动作的承受者）Themotherfoundalltheclotheswashed.have…done①Hehashadhishaircut.②Hehashadhislegbroken.TheboytriedhisbesttomakehimselfunderstoodwithhisbrokenEnglish.leavetheworkundone/half-donekeepthedoorlocked五、作定语A.不定式（表将来要发生的动作）Thisisthedoctortooperateonthepatient.B.–ingAparcelweighinghalfatonhasjustbeendelivered.whichweighshalfaton(主动式表被动)①表示所修饰的名词的作用与用途（动名词）aswimmingpool②表所修饰的名词的动作（现在分词）两者逻辑上是主谓关系aswimmingfish*强调正在进行的动作ThedoctoroperatingonthepatientisdoctorLi.常用-ing作定语的惯用句：peace-lovingpeopleEnglish-speakingcountryspokenEnglishC.过去分词①不及物动词的过去分词作定语，表示动作的完成fallenleaves落叶returnedstudents归国留学生newlyarrivedvisitors新到的客人②及物动词的过去分词作定语，表示被动及动作的完成。(与所修饰的词是一种动宾的逻辑关系)coldboiledwater冷开水developedcountry常用不定式作定语的惯用句：①用于thefirst,thesecondetc…thelast,theonly之后Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.如果没有主谓关系，则用不定式的被动式。见身份判断：Doyouhaveanyletterstobetyped?(打信并不是“you”)(问老板)Doyouhaveanyletterstotype?(问打字员)②用于名词、代词之后Ihavealettertowrite.(writealetter.)Haveyougotanythingtosay?(sayanything)atabletowriteonatooltoopenitwithsomeonetotalktoarestauranttoeatin(ofsomethingtoeat)不定式作定语，与前面的名词或代词有动宾关系，又和句中另一名词或代词有主谓关系时，用主动式。Givemesomebookstoread.③“there+be+n./pron.+todo”constructionThereisplentytodo.(Thereisplentywecando.)*表“责任”时，用被动式。Thereisplentyofworktobedone.wemustdo.④在某些名词之后：ability,decision,desire,determination,promise,plan,failure,offer,attempt等。HeprideshimselfonhisabilitytospeakFrench.Theiroffer/plan/promisetorebuildthetownwasnottakenseriously.※与所修饰的词是一种动宾的逻辑关系①过去分词的一般式（已经完成的）Thepatientoperatedonwillsoonbeallowedtogohome.②不定式的被动式（即将发生的）ThepatienttobeoperatedonisMr.Smith.③-ing的被动式（正在进行的）beingdoneThepatientbeingoperatedonisMr.Smith.ThepatienthavingbeenoperatedonisMr.Smith.(×)→ThepatientoperatedonisMr.Smith.(√)六.作状语•1.目的状语A.不定式(not)todo,inorder(not)todosoas(not)to(不用于句首)※与only的连用,表达”意外与失望”,表结果指未曾预料的结果Iwenttoseehimonlytofindhimout.Shestooduptobeseenbetter.B.–inggoswimming,gofishing,goshopping,goboating2.结果状语A.不定式①todosth表结果指未曾预料的结果Eg:Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone.HewenttoAfricain1963,nevertobeheardfromagain.②tooadj/advtodo;adj/advenoughtodo;soadjan.astodo;suchaadjn.astodo•Sheissogoodastudentastobelovedbyeveryone.•Hemovedawayfromhisparentsandmissedthemtoomuchto