语用学_胡壮麟

~~~~~、.、、、、~~m”`~~、n~n、、~~~~~、lllljllll111111111111~、、。~:、.lltllllllllf111~、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、~~~~~~~~`U~(Pargmatics),,。。1938《》、CharlesMorris。’,。,。1977《》,。。ChomskySaussuer,。,Chomsky,,。,,,,。Oettinger(1972),a。”,aButter,please.,,,,’Passmebutter,please.,,?、“1wanttob50butter,Please.”(Leeeh,l)74)。。,,“Butter,lPease.,,。,“,,,“Butter,please·”。。,,。、、。Morirs《》,:(l)、,,;(2)(semioiss),,,,(signvehieles),(interPre-atnt),①;(3),,⑨,,,“”(、)“”(、),,;(4)、,,,;(5)①Morirs《》(1939)“”。②Morris《,》(1946)“、”。19803,、;(6)—,。,,,。、,。Morisr,:Miller(195x)Sht(1966),。Lieb(1976)。:(l)Morisrl938;(2),Morir“““”,。,Morirs,,、、,;(3)Morsjr,;(4)Morirs。carnapMorris,。,Morirs,CarnaP(1961),。,,.,、,。Caranp。:“,。,。”(1955)Morris。:“、。1964)1954,BarHillel。Peicre“,,(indexiealexpressions),。“,,。:(1)keoatsonwter.(2)It’5raining.(3)1amhungry.,,,。,(l),。(2)(3)。BarHjllel(l)a”,(2)(3)(indexiealsentecne)。,。,I,you,there,now,”sterdaythis。,。,。,。,BariHllel,MOrir“Caranp。,“Butter,lenase·”,?Montague(1972),Bar-Hillel。,。,,。:、、、、(rPoba-bilityorator),(selfreferenee)。,(),、、、、、。MontagueMontague。vanDkjj(1976),“”“,,,、、_。,。,“,,“,,。。,、。“。1977《》,、。:“。,。”,,、、(、,)、()、(),。,Morris,CarnaP,BarHillel。1.ParertChom-skyMorrjs,Chomsky“”(aPrret,1974)。,,。Chomsky,。。,、、、,。Chomsky’。,《》(1977),Chomsky。“2,,,“。。,,“”,“。,。。,。Chomsky:,。:aTodaywasadisaster.”,,。。Chomsky(POssiblegrammars),,“。,。、。Dik(1978)Chomsky19803,Chomsky“。,,。,,。2.G.aLkoff(Parett,1974),,、、、、、。,Montague,。G.Lakoff《》、。,G.Lakoff。McCawley(P-arert,1974),,,。,,,,。,MeCawleyGordonG.Lakoff(1971)(eonversationaloPstluate),,。。“Woludyoupleaseopenthedoor?I’de(whimpera-itve),。McCawley,“WoludoyubeagoodlittleboyandhandmethenewsPaPer?,。。3.,,。Greimas(Parret,1974),。,:“(ontologieal),。,(referentialstructure),,。,,,Gerimas,。Siknner,Moekr。《:,(1977),。skinne:1957“,Chomsky6,(Paler-mo),(Staats),Braine/。,。(speeehaets)。Moerk“(pragmaties)“(aets)“(behvainur)。Moerk,Wittgenstein,Skinner。Witgtesnetin“,,,。Moekr,,。。,。。MOekr,,,,。4.Malinowsky,FirthHalliday,。1923,Malinowsky`,。(),,。。()①,,。,③,、,。,Maljllosky。Mialllow-sky,,Firth(1950),,’,,,“”。“”。:A::、;i();(ii);:B;C:。,jFrth“,,Aii()C。19803Halliday(Parert,1974),,,,(mea-ni”9potential)T。,,。⑧HalildayLamb。Lamb,,Hallay,。,HallidayHasan《》,。5..KBler(1934)。,。,。。,。Bh!erLanger(1942)。Mairtent(Par-ert,1974),,I。。,,①,Malinowsky(1934)T,,,。②ogdenRiehard“”。③Halilday,。,,。,。`.,。vanDijk,Dik,H,,berlandMey。vanDijk《》,。《》HaberlandMey(1977)《》,:(1)。,。。“()。(2)。,,。,。,,。(3)。。。,,“。(4)、,。“?“?,。,HaberlandMey“,1950。,。,,。Dik1978《》。,;,(;),(、)。。、,Morisr,,(、、)、()、(,)。。“,,、。Dik。:(l)(;)(2),(;)(3)()。,,。,,、。:1.,,。,Ke-enan(1971)。eKenan:Ss,,Ss’,S,~S,S’,,s’SC,,S,’Maryresented(didn’tresent)thatFerdleft.,S,aFredleft。。、,,,(、、)。。。,’Tuesdgontant.()“、,,。Parret(1974)。MeCawley。,,()。Chafe,’(experiential),。G.Lakoff:,。,““。G.aLko:,.,、、。2.Dik(1978),。19503:!(l)Johngavethelibrary.(2)Johngavethelibrary.(3)Johngavethelibrary.(4)Johngave{thelibrary.thisoldbooktoagirli。lthisoldbooktoagirlinthi,。ldb。。kt。。gi’rlinthisoldbooktoagirlin(5)ThisoldbookJohngavetoagirlinthelibrary.(6)nIthelibraryJohngavethisoldbookroagiir.(7)Johngaveittoagirlinthelibrary-thisoldbook(8)Thisoldbook,Johngaveittoagirlinthelibrayr.,,,。(l)(4),(5)(6),(7)(8),。iDk,,。。,,。iDkMorgan(1975)。Morgan,,:(l)();(2)。,。。:(l)JohnrunsfasterthanBillruns.(2)JohnrunsfasterthanBilldoes.(3)JohnrunsfasrerthanBIll.(4)Johnrunsasfastasadeer·?(5)Johnrunsasfastasadeerruns·?(6)Johnrunsasfastasadeerdoes·(l)(3),,,(4)。(5)(6),。,,。,Morgan。3.,。,。,?Wittgensetin(1953)“,。,searle(1969)“。“:“,,。。(、、、),Cresswell(1973)Thomason(1973)“,Montae(1974)“。Bouveresse(Parett,1974)“。,。Carnap(1956),。,;,。。vanDijk(1976)://。,。,,“,,,/,。,GroenendjikStokhof(1978)。“~。。。Sealre“=,sele。。,eSarle,。,。,,:i`;,、、、、;ii;,;ijj.,;iv.,;v.,Davidson(1969)Montague(1974);。Groenendjikstokhof“Iwillbeatyourplaeeatnineo`ek.,,,、、。4.Bates(1976),。,,,。,,,,?,,。,“?,、。,。,Bates,。piaget(1971),,。,;,。5.。Morris(1938),。,van]〕ijk(1976),,、“”、,,;,、、、,,“,。vanDijkGiree①,:(1):。(2):(「),(、)。(3):。(4):、、、,。。Morris(1935),、。,,。McCawley(parett,1974):,。,。,。。,。,。Dyibral,(htisthat),,。。①“”,“”,Girce1976《》。Grice。(l):,;(2):,;(3):。。(),()();(4):,,,。19803,,BarHillel(1970),Dik(1978),Groenendjik&Stohkof(1978)。Dik。Dik:(1)200wahana,nai·()()(2)hahaWahaasnhiga.nagai·()()?(3)200wahanashiganai·?(4)hahaawhanagaangai·(3)(4),。,““,a“。,,?,Dik:“TP,PT。,,。,,,。,,,。(:,,。—).JlJ.l....,.(13),:“,。”①“。:l);2);3)。。。;;。。。,。:l)。。,,。,《》。、。、。,、,、、、,。,,、、、、、、。、、。,2)。,、,,、。④R.Quirk:ourKnowledofEnglish,hTenCIorPoartedlg“isst,1967,No1.