1动词时态与语态及时态一致(一)动词的主要时态•英语一共有十六个时态:一般现在时,现在进行时,现在完成时,现在完成进行时,一般过去时,过去进行时,过去完成时,过去完成进行时,一般将来时,将来进行时,将来完成时,将来完成进行时,一般过去将来时,过去将来进行时,过去将来完成时,过去将来完成进行时•其中最常用的有五个时态:一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时、一般过去时、一般将来时。其次常用的时态有:过去进行时、过去完成时、一般过去将来时、现在完成进行时,其他时态用得较少。2一般时态/进行时态/完成时态/完成进行时态•现在write/writes--am/are/iswriting--has/havewritten--has/havebeenwriting•过去wrote--was/werewriting--hadwritten--hadbeenwriting•将来shall/willwrite--shall/willbewriting-shall/willhavewritten--shall/willhavebeenwriting•过去将来should/wouldwrite--should/wouldbewriting--should/wouldhavewritten--should/wouldhavebeenwriting•31、表示“真理”、“客观存在”、“习惯”等概念的句子•动词要用现在时。•Eg:Itisanacceptedcustominourcountryformentoremovetheirhatswhenawomanenterstheroom.(not“entered”)•2、在由连词if,unless,before,assoonas,when,once,however等引导的状语从句中,主句用将来时,从句必须用现在时。•Eg:Asautomationincreases,theproblemsofunemploymentwillbecomeprogressivelymoreseriousunlessmoremenandwomenaregiventhetrainingnecessaryforwhite-collarpositions.43、过去时常有一个表示过去特定时间的状语•Eg:Inthepast,therulersofthecountrywereselfish,butthepresentkinghasgreatrespectandconcernforhispeople.(not“hasbeen”)•4、现在完成时通常表示:刚刚结束的动作,过去的动作对现在的影响;过去的经验,过去的动作一直持续到现在。跟现在完成时连用的时间状语有:just,since,ever,never,lately,duringthelastweek/weeks,inthepasttenyears,sofar,uptonow.•Eg:Inthepast50yearstherehasbeenagreatincreaseintheamountofresearchbeingdoneonthebrain.(not“therehadbeen”)5•5、过去完成时表示发生在过去的过去。•Eg:Earlythismorning,before7o’clock,theyhadgonetovisittheMuseum.••6、一般过去将来时表示从过去某时看来将要发生的事情。•Eg:Hewassixty-eightin2000.Intwoyearshewouldbeseventy.6•7、现在完成进行时表示现在以前这一段时间里一直进行的一个动作。•Eg:We’vejustbeentalkingaboutyou.••8、过去完成进行时表示过去某时以前一直进行的一个动作。•Eg:Liberationputanendtothemiserablelifewehadbeenliving.7(二)时态一致•1、当两个或两个以上的谓语共用一个主语时,这些谓语的时态要一致。•Eg:Acarefuldriverwatchestheroadandgoesslowlyorquicklydependingupontheconditionoftheroad,thevisibilityandthetraffic.(not“went”)•Eg:Thesoldierlookedathimsternly,exchangedglanceswithhiscomrade,andtookthegunfromthetable.(not“looksat”)•2、并列句中的谓语动词,时态要一致。•Eg:Mr.andMrs.ChanaregoingtoBrazilnextweekandtheywillgoMexicolaterinthemonth.83、复合句中的时态要一致•1)名词性从句和主句的时态一致:主句若用过去时,从句必须使用相应的过去时。•Eg:USforecastingfirmspredictedjustafewmonthsagothatinflationwouldbebackdownintosingledigitsin1980.•2)定语从句中的时态呼应•A.定语从句的谓语表示的动作若与主句谓语表示的动作同时发生,则要求使用相同的时态。•Eg:Beforehediedtheoldmanwholivednextdoortothedrugstoreusedtofeedthepigeonsthreetimesaday.(not“wholives”)9•B.若主句与定语从句的谓语表示的动作不是同时发生,时态不要求一致。•Eg:Ipaintedseveralpictureswhicharenowonshowinthemuseum.•3)状语从句的时态呼应:含有时间状语从句的主从复合句,主句时态必须与从句时态相呼应。•Eg:Althoughtheyoungarchaeologisthadbeenexcellentlytrained,whenhearrivedatthediggingsite,hefeltunequaltothetask.Eg:Thehousehadbeenvacantforayearwhenthenewtenantarrived,bringingwithhimseveralpets.10(三)被动语态•1、避免主、被动语态的误用。•Eg:Becauseradiocommunicationhadfailedoncebefore,Iwasafraidthemenintheplanemightlosetouchwiththecrewontheplatform.(not“mightbelost”)•Eg:Atitslastmeeting,thecitycouncildecidedtoopenfuturemeetingstorepresentativesofallminoritygroupsinthecommunity.•2、不及物动词和系动词没有被动语态。•Eg:Economicuncertainty,ofcourse,ispreciselywhycommonlyfuturemarketisexists.11•3、在主动句中接不定式时不用,但在被动句中须用。•Eg:Hehasbeenmadetocometotermswithunfairconditions.••4、被动语态的时态、数、性的一致。•Eg:Mostenvironmentalproblemsexistbecauseadequatemeasuresforpreventingthemwerenottakeninthepast.(not“werenottaken”)125、特殊的被动结构•1)带情态动词的被动结构。•Eg:Thisinstrumentmustbehandledwithgreatcare.•2)带不定式的被动结构。•Eg:Allthesefactorsoughttobetakenintoconsideration.•6、有些动词形式上是主动结构,意思上却接近被动。•Eg:Thiskindofclothwashesverywell.•Yourpenwritesquitesmoothly.13•7、有些系动词+分词的结构,意思上也接近被动。•Eg:Hegotwoundedinthatbattle.•Eg:Manycitiesbecameliberatedinthefollowingmonths.