Saussure‘s-distinction-of-langue-and-parole

ThedifferencebetweenLangueandParole黄舰影•FerdinanddeSaussure•ThedifferencebetweenLangueandParole•TherelationshipbetweenLangueandParoleFerdinanddeSaussure•FerdinanddeSaussure(1857-1913)wasaSwisslinguist.Hewasthepivotalfigure(中心人物)inthetransitionfromthe19thto20thcentury,andisgenerallyconsideredthefounderofmodernlinguistics•HewasborninGeneva(日内瓦),in1857,Switzerland.•Byage15,hehadlearnedGreek,French,German,EnglishandLatin.•Itwasnotuntil1906thatSaussurebeganteachingCourseinGeneralLinguisticsthatwouldconsumethegreaterpartofhisattentionuntilhisdeathin1913.•ThedifferencebetweenLangueandParoleSaussuredistinguishedthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeakerandtheactualphenomenaordateoflinguistics(utterances)asLangueandParole.whileparoleconstitutestheimmediatelyaccessibledate,thelinguist'sproperobjectisthelangueofeachcommunity,thelexicon,andphonologyimplantedineachindividualbyhisupbringinginsocietyandonthebasisofwhichhespeaksandunderstandshislanguage.•索绪尔将说话者的语言能力和语言的实际现象或语料区分为语言和言语。虽然言语是及时可得的材料，但语言学家研究的正确的对象是每个社团的语言，在这个社团中，个人在成长过程中被教授各种词汇，语法和语音，在这个基础上他们说话，理解他们的语言Langue,alsoknownaslanguage,istheexchangeofinformationbetweenhumanbeings,whichincludesexpressionfromthespeakerandcomprehensionfromthelistener.Langueismoreofanabstractliteraryterm.Itexitsinthebrain,insteadofinthemouth.Itisagenerallyacceptedrulethatmakespeopleinacertainareaexpressandcomprehendamessageinacertainway.Paroleisthewordsthatpeopleusetocommunicate.•Jacksaid“Iloveyou”toRoseinthestreet.•Thesentenceitselfistheparole.AndhowRoseunderstandthissentenceisallaboutthelangue.InChinese,“woaini”meansIhaveastrongfeelingforyou,andhopethatIcouldbetheonlyoneyoucare.Sothestorymaygolikethis:Holdingadiamondring,Jacksaid“Iloveyou”toRoseandproposedformarriage.WhileinAmerica,“Iloveyou”notonlycanbeusedbetweenloversbutalsocanbeusedbetweenfriends.Sothestorymayhaveatotallydifferentedition:ItwasChristmasday.Rosesentagifttoeveryfriend.Jackreceivedabasketball.Hewassoexcitedthathesaid,“Whatagift!Iloveyou,Rose!”Insuchacircumstance,“Iloveyou”isnotthemagicword,andnothinghappenedafterwards.••Aswecansee,thesamewordshavedifferentunderstandinginChineseRoseandAmericanRose.Itisthelanguethatmakesthedifference.Tobemorespecific,itishowpeopleintheareausethisphrasethatprovidestheunderstanding.First,langueisabstractandparoleisconcrete.Parolehassoundandwrittenform,whichcanbesawandheard.Second,langueisagenerallyacceptedwayofcommunication.Itissocialandnational,whichcannotbeeasilychangedbyindividual.Apeoplesharethesamelangue.Ontheotherhand,paroleissimplyapersonalchoice.Amancanspeakinhisownstyle.Third,langueisrelativelyfixedandparoleistemporary.Onlywhenanewwordgainspublicrecognition,canitbeacceptedaspartofthelangue.thedifferencebetweenlangueandparoleTherelationshipbetweenLangueandParole•langueandparolearecloselyrelated.languemakesparolecomprehensible,andparoleisanecessarypartoflangue.Withoutlangue,parolecanonlybecomemeaninglesssoundpattern.Withoutparole,Languecanonlyexpressverylimitedideas.Inthestudyoflinguistic,langueisthegoalandparoleisthetool.Fromthecollectionandanalysisofparole,wecouldhaveaninsightofthelangue.CourseinGeneralLinguistics《普通语言学教程》Itwasposthumouslypublishedin1916.ItisconsideredSaussure’smostinfluentialwork.Hisideasinthisbookleaveamonumentalimpact.Alinguisticsystemisaseriesofdifferencesofsoundcombinedwithaseriesofdifferencesofideas.-FerdinanddeSaussure