美国文学史AmericanLiteratureinthecolonicalandRevolutionary:1.BenjaminFranklin(本杰明.富兰克林)2.hilipFreneau菲利普·费瑞诺BenjaminFranklin(本杰明.富兰克林)1)PoorRichard'sAlmanac穷人查理德的年鉴(以笔名RichardSunders)2)“annualcollectionofproverbs“流行谚语集(Itsoonbecamethemostpopularbookofitskind,largelybecauseofFranklin'sshrewdhumor,andfirstspreadhisreputation)3)TheWaytoWealth(FatherAbraham’sSermon)致富之道(asthe“perfacetoPoorRichardImproved)4)TheAutobiography自传(18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传)5)FoundedtheJunto,aclubforinformaldiscussionofscientific,economicandpoliticalideas.建立了一个秘密俱乐部,讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题.6)establishedAmerica'sfirstcirculatinglibrary,foundedthecollege--UniversityofPennsylvania.建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆,还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学.7)firstappliedthetermspositiveandnegativetoelectricalcharges.8)Writer,printer,publisher,scientist,philanthropist,anddiplomat,hewasthemostfamousandrespectedprivatefigureofhistime.hilipFreneau菲利普·费瑞诺TheRisingGloryofAmerica蒸蒸日上的美洲;TheBritishPrisonShip英国囚船;TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳;TheWildHoneysuckle野生的金银花;TheIndianBuryingGround印第安人殡葬地(1)poetandpoliticaljournalist诗人和政治方面的新闻记者(2)perhapsthemostoutstandingwriterofthepost-revolutionaryperiod.(3)hasbeencalledtheFatherofAmericanPoetry美国诗歌之父(4)Imaginativeandmelancholytreatmentofnatureandhumanlife,andsharpsatireagainsttheBritishtyranny19thCenturyAmericanLiteratureWashingtonIrving(华盛顿.欧文)1.JamesFenimoreCooper(詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀)2.NathanielHawthorne(纳萨尼尔.霍桑)3.EdgarAllanPoe(埃德加.阿伦.坡)4.HenryDaivedThoreau(亨利.戴维.梭罗)5.HermanMelville(赫尔曼.麦尔维尔)6.WaltWhiteman(沃尔特.惠特曼)TheRiseofAmericanRomanticism•OneofthemostimportantperiodsinthehistoryofAmericanliterature,stretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar(1861-65).•ItstartedwiththepublicationofWashingtonIrving'seThehSketchBook(1820)andendedwithWhitman'ssLeavesfofGrass(1855)..Romanticism的特点:frequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics,moralenthusiam,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthathenaturalworldwasasourceofcorruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的,都注重道德,强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受,并且认为自然是美的源头,人类社会是腐败之源。Transcendentalism:TranscendentalistsplaceemphasisontheimportanceoftheOver-soul,theindividualandNature.ThemostimportantrepresentativesareRalphWaldoEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau..WashingtonIrving(华盛顿.欧文)AHistoryofNewYork(《纽约外史》)AHistoryofNewYork纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作;TheSketchBook见闻札记TheLegendofSleepyHollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家;TheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon(《见闻札记》收录了ThelegendoftheSleepyHollow《睡谷的传说》和RipVanWinkle《瑞普.凡.温克尔》等名篇,开创了美国短篇小说的传统)TheTalesofaTraveller,(《旅人述异》)TheAlhambra阿尔罕伯拉AHIstoryoftheLifeandVoyagesofChristopherColumbus(《哥伦布的生平和航行》)1)thefirstgreatbelletrist第一个纯文学作家,2)TheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon(《见闻札记》thefirstmodernshortstoriesandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileliterature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。3)IrvingrestoredthewaningGothicromanceswhichPoesooninfusedwithpsychologicalsubtleties。重振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说,随后坡在此基础上,把心理学的一些知识融入了这种体裁。4)HewasthefirstAmericantogainthestatureofamajorpoet.第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家JamesFenimoreCooper(詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀)1.LeatherstockingTale皮袜子故事集,(regardas―thenearestapproachyettoanAmericanepic.被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品):―TheDeerslayer《杀鹿者》、―TheLastoftheMohicans《最后的莫希干人》、―ThePathfinder《探路人》、―ThePioneers《拓荒者》、―ThePrairie《大草原》,2.TheSpy间谍(aboutAmericanRevolution)3.precaution(戒备)4.contribution:launchedtwokindsofimmenselypopularstories→theseaadventuretaleandthefrontiersaga开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁,边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。5.《拓荒者》在《草原》上《探路》,遇到《最后一个莫西干人》在《杀鹿》。NathanielHawthorne(纳萨尼尔.霍桑)1.Fanshawe(范肖)2.Twice-ToldTales(《重讲一遍的故事》)3.TheBlithedaleRomance(《福谷传奇》)4.MossesfromanOldManse(《古宅青苔》)(包括YoungGoodmanBrown《小伙子布朗》,TheCelestialRailroad5.TheScarletLetter(红字)6.TheHouseoftheSevenGables(《带有七个尖角阁的房子》)7.TheMarbleFaun(《玉石人像》)8.ThelifeofFranklinPierce9.OurOldHome特点:(1)uniquegiftwasforthecreationofstronglysymbolicstorieswhichtouchthedeepestrootsofman’smoralnature.独特才能主要表现在他能够通过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德品质。⑵hisabilitytocreatevividandsymbolicimagesthatembodygreatmoralquestionsappearsstronglyinhisshortstories.短篇小说里,通过活生生、极具有象征意义的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题。⑶tomakeastoryexistinitsownrightbutatthesametimeappearasamoralsymbol.杰出之处在于他能把一个故事安放在自己设置的正义标准之中来讲述,他书中的正义标准成为当时人们的道德参考。EdgarAllanPoe埃德加.阿伦.坡1.showhistruetalentsasaneditor,poet,literarycritic.编辑、诗人、文学评论家。2.―TheFalloftheHouseofUsher《鄂谢府崩溃记》、―TheRaven《乌鸦》thetitlepoemofacollection,―TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque《述异集》firstcollectionofshortstories.第一部短篇小说集。3.oftenusegrotesqueorfantasticevents.擅长描写哥特式和幻想类的小说。4.Firstwork《塔默兰诗集》HenryDavidThoreau亨利.戴维.梭罗Naturalist,transcendentalist,Writerandphilosopher,①Emerson’struestdisciple.PutintopracticemanyofEmerson’stheories爱默生最忠实的信徒,把爱默生的许多理论付诸于实践。②―Walden《瓦尔登湖》成名作。―CivilDisobedience《平民反抗》(论公民的不服从权利)essay随笔。非暴力不合作③教义:Iwouldnothaveanyoneadoptmymodeofliving,eachshouldfindouthisownway,nothisneighbor’sorhisparents.我不希望人们接受我的生活模式,每一个都应该发现自己的生活方式,不是邻居的,也不是他父母的。HermanMelville(赫尔曼.麦尔维尔)1.--Novelist,shortstorywriter,essayistandpoet.2.―MobyDick‖《白鲸》,atremendouschronicleofwhalingvoyageinpursuitofaseeminglysupernaturalwhitewhale.主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事。①Thebookissteepedinsymbolism.本书达到了象征主义手法的创