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1英文翻译原文：51MicrocontrollerIntroductionMicrocontrollersbasiccomponentisacentralprocessingunit(CPUinthecomputingdeviceandcontroller),read-onlymemory(usuallyexpressedasaROM),read-writememory(alsoknownasRandomAccessMemoryMRAMisusuallyexpressedasaRAM),input/outputport(alsodividedintoparallelportandserialport,expressedasI/Oport),andsocomposed.Infactthereisalsoaclockcircuitmicrocontroller,sothatduringoperationandcontrolofthemicrocontroller,canrhythmicmanner.Inaddition,thereareso-calledbreaksystem,thesystemisajanitorrole,whenthemicrocontrollercontrolobjectparametersthatneedtobeinterventiontoreachaparticularstate,canafterthisjanitorcommunicatedtotheCPU,sothatCPUprioritiesoftheexternaleventstotakeappropriatecounter-measures.Microcontrollersareusedinamultitudeofcommercialapplicationssuchasmodems,motor-controlsystems,airconditionercontrolsystems,automotiveengineandamongothers.Thehighprocessingspeedandenhancedperipheralsetofthesemicrocontrollersmakethemsuitableforsuchhigh-speedevent-basedapplications.However,thesecriticalapplicationdomainsalsorequirethatthesemicrocontrollersarehighlyreliable.Thehighreliabilityandlowmarketriskscanbeensuredbyarobusttestingprocessandapropertoolsenvironmentforthevalidationofthesemicrocontrollersbothatthecomponentandatthesystemlevel.IntelPlatformEngineeringdepartmentdevelopedanobject-orientedmulti-threadedtestenvironmentforthevalidationofitsAT89C51automotivemicrocontrollers.ThegoalsofthisenvironmentwasnotonlytoprovidearobusttestingenvironmentfortheAT89C51automotivemicrocontrollers,buttodevelopanenvironmentwhichcanbeeasilyextendedandreusedforthevalidationofseveralotherfuturemicrocontrollers.TheenvironmentwasdevelopedinconjunctionwithMicrosoftFoundationClasses(AT89C51).Thepaperdescribesthedesignandmechanismofthistestenvironment,itsinteractionswithvarioushardware/softwareenvironmentalcomponents,andhowtouseAT89C51.Are8-bitmicrocontrollerearlyor4bits.OneofthemostsuccessfulistheINTEL8031,forasimple,reliableandgoodperformancewasalotofpraise.Thendevelopedin8031outofMCS51MCUSystems.SCMsystemsbasedonthissystemuntilnowisstillwidelyused.Withtheincreasedrequirementsofindustrialcontrolfield,begana16-bitmicrocontroller,butnotidealbecausethecosthasnotbeenverywidelyused.After90yearswiththegreatdevelopmentofconsumerelectronics,microcontrollertechnologyhasbeenahugeincrease.WithINTELi960series,especiallythelaterseriesofwidelyusedARM,32-bitmicrocontrollerquicklyreplacehigh-end16-bitMCUstatusandenterthemainstreammarket.Thetraditional8-bitmicrocontrollerperformancehavebeenthe2rapidincreasecapacityincreasecomparedto80thenumberoftimes.Currently,high-end32-bitmicrocontrollerclockedover300MHz,theperformancecatchingthemid-90sdedicatedprocessor,whiletheaveragemodelpricesfalltooneU.S.dollar,themosthigh-endmodelisonly10dollars.ModernSCMsystemsarenolongeronlyinthedevelopmentanduseofbaremetalenvironment,alargenumberofproprietaryembeddedoperatingsystemiswidelyusedinthefullrangeofSCM.Thehandheldcomputersandcellphonesasthecoreprocessingofhigh-endmicrocontrollercanevenuseadedicatedWindowsandLinuxoperatingsystems.SCMreliesontheprogram,andcanbemodified.Throughdifferentprocedurestoachievedifferentfunctions,inparticularspecialuniquefeatures,thisisanotherdevicemucheffortneedstobedone,somearegreateffortsareverydifficulttoachieve.Anotverycomplexfunctionsifthe50'swiththeUnitedStatesdeveloped74series,orthe60'sCD4000seriesofthesepurehardwarebuttoned,thenthecircuitmustbealargePCBboard!ButiftheUnitedStatesifthe70'swithaseriesofsuccessfulSCMmarket,theresultwillbeadrasticchange!Justbecauseyouarepreparedbymicrocomputerprogramscanachievehighintelligence,highefficiencyandhighreliability!IntroductionThe8-bitAT89C51CHMOSmicrocontrollersaredesignedtohandlehigh-speedcalculationsandfastinput/outputoperations.MCS51microcontrollersaretypicallyusedforhigh-speedeventcontrolsystems.Commercialapplicationsincludemodems,motor-controlsystems,printers,photocopiers,airconditionercontrolsystems,diskdrives,andmedicalinstruments.TheautomotiveindustryuseMCS51microcontrollersinengine-controlsystems,airbags,suspensionsystems,andantilockbrakingsystems(ABS).TheAT89C51isespeciallywellsuitedtoapplicationsthatbenefitfromitsprocessingspeedandenhancedon-chipperipheralfunctionsset,suchasautomotivepower-traincontrol,vehicledynamicsuspension,antilockbraking,andstabilitycontrolapplications.Becauseofthesecriticalapplications,themarketrequiresareliablecost-effectivecontrollerwithalowinterruptlatencyresponse,abilitytoservicethehighnumberoftimeandeventdrivenintegratedperipheralsneededinrealtimeapplications,andaCPUwithaboveaverageprocessingpowerinasinglepackage.Thefinancialandlegalriskofhavingdevicesthatoperateunpredictablyisveryhigh.Onceinthemarket,particularlyinmissioncriticalapplicationssuchasanautopilotoranti-lockbrakingsystem,mistakesarefinanciallyProhibitive.Redesigncostscanrunashighasa$500K,muchmoreifthefixmeansbackannotatingitacrossaproductfamilythatsharethesamecoreand/orperipheraldesignflaw.Inaddition,fieldreplacementsofcomponentsareextremelyexpensive,asthedevicesaretypical