搜索
UNITNUMBER&TITLEUnit1AnIntroductionLESSONCONTENTABriefIntroductiontotheCourseAnIntroductiontoCulture,CommunicationINSTRUCTIONALGOALUnderstandtheconceptsof“culture”,“communication”throughreading,lecturing,groupdiscussionandcultural-puzzlesolving.LESSONOUTLINEI.ABriefIntroductiontotheCourse(omitted))II.AnIntroductiontoCulture,Communication1.Culture*Languageandcultureareinterrelatedandinseparable.-----Agoodknowledgeoflanguageisnotenough.Oneshouldhaveageneralideaofitsculture,becauseculturaldifferencescancauseproblemsininterculturalcommunication.*culturalmistakesaremoreseriousthanlinguisticmistakes.Thelinguisticmistakemeansthatsomeoneisnotfullyexpressinghisorherideawhileculturalmistakescanleadtoseriousmisunderstandingandevenunhappyfeelingsbetweenindividuals.*Thedefinitionofcultureisanimportantproblemandalsoacomplicatedproblem.*WhatisthesymbolofChineseculture?Mostofusmayassociateitwithhistoricsites,Chinesehistory,Chinesefood,classicalChineseliterature,Chinesemusic,Pekingoperaorvariouskindsoffestivals’celebration.Forinstance,JackyChen,ChinesefamousKongFumoviestar,expresseshisloyaltytoChineseculturebywearingChinesetraditionalclothesandadvocatingChineseculture.Thewatercubeandthebirdnest,FangyuYuanisapairofuniqueconceptintheChineseculture:“theSquare”istheprinciple,isthegoal,isfoundationofthepersonhood;“theCircle”isastrategy,isthemethod,isthelifeskill.*Ithas300definitionsaccordingtodifferentacademicbackground.Eg:*anthropologist-----highculture(philosophy,literature,art,religion)popularculture(customs,ceremony,relations,wayoflife)deepculture(values,views,beliefs)*Somescholarsmention:culturewithabigC(大写字母的文化)whichincludesliterature,art,music,architecture,philosophy,scienceandtechnologywhichreflectsallaspectsofhumancivilization.AndculturewithasmallC(小写字母的文化)whichincludescustoms,wayoflife,normofbehavior,socialorganization,interrelationshipofpeople.Forourpurpose,theculturewediscussheremainlyreferstonationalcultureandgrouporcommunityculture.*Somescholarscompareculturetoaniceberg.(P7)*Cultureisbothvisibleandinvisible(beyondsight),itisomnipresent,changingandlearned(notinnate).CultureIsLearnedWelearnculturefrom________,________,____________________________________.（parents,otherfamilymembers,friends,andevenstrangerswhoarepartoftheculture）CultureIschangingItchangesconstantlyundertheimpactofandasaresultofcontactwithothercultures.Althoughculturesdoeschange,mostchangeaffectsonlythesurfaceoftheculture,whilethedeepstructureofaculturesuchasattitudes,beliefs,valuesandthelikearesodeepthattheychangemuchslower,andtendtopersistgenerationaftergeneration.*Culturalfactorswhichinfluenceinterculturalcommunicationincludehistory,tradition,religion,valuesandbeliefs,worldviews,viewpoint,socialorganization,customs,socialsystemetc.2.Communication*Varioustranslationofcommunicationaccordingtodifferentdiscipline:通讯（通讯学）交流（心理学）沟通（管理学）传播（传播学）交际（语言学）*ThefirstinfluentialmodeofcommunicationisraisedbyHaroldLasswell,whichiscalled5W-mode:who（谁）Sayswhat（说什么）Inwhatchannel（通过什么渠道）towhom（对谁）Withwhateffects（得到什么效果）传者————信息------------媒介-----------受者-----------效果So,communicationistheprocesswherebyonepersontransitsamessagethroughachanneltoanotherwithsomeeffect.*The10componentsoftheprocess:Source（信息源）:Thesourceisthepersonwithanideaheorshedesirestocommunicate.（信息源指具有交际需要和愿望的具体的人）。Encoding（编码）:Encodingistheprocessofputtinganideaintoasymbol.（编码是指将思想转换成代码的行为过程）。Message:（信息）:Messageistheencodedthought.（信息是交流的内容）。Channel（渠道）:Channelreferstothemeansbywhichtheencodedmessageistransmitted.（渠道是信息传递的手段）Noise（干扰）:Noisereferstoanythingthatdistortsthemessagethesourcesencodes.（干扰指的是任何会曲解信息源所要表达的信息的事情）。Receiver（信息接收者）:Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.（信息接收者是注意到了信息的人）。Decoding（解码）:Decodingistheprocessinwhichthereceiverisactivelyinvolvedinthecommunicationprocessbyassigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceived.（解码是信息接收者在积极参与交流的过程当中，对所接收到的符号信息赋予意义的过程）Receiverresponse（信息接收者反应）:Receiverresponsereferstoanythingthereceiverdoesafterhavingattendedtoanddecodedthemessage.（是指信息接收者在对信息解码之后所做出的反应）。Feedback（反馈）:Feedbackreferstothatportionofthereceiverresponseofwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaning.（是指信息接收者的反应被信息源所了解的那一部分反应）。Context（情境）:Contextistheenvironmentinwhichthecommunicationtakesplacesandwhichhelpsdefinethecommunication.（交际发生的环境，并有助于解释交际内容的含义）。*Tobemoreprecise,Communicationisaprocessofencodinganddecoding(交际是一个编码和译码过程)?从传播的过程我们可以看到编码和译码是两个最容易出问题的环节。whetheracommunicationissuccessfulornotdependsonwhethertheparticipantshavesomesimilarculturalbackground,knowledge,andexperiences.Ininterculturalcommunication,thissharedareamaybeverysmall.?Example:在中国，表示问候时可以说“饭吃了吗？”，“出去啊？”中国人在译码时不会认为这是实质性的问题，只了解为对于自己的关心。可是，不了解中国文化的西方人在译码时却常会得出干涉他的私事的信息。（Whenpeoplemeettheyusuallygreeteachotherbysaying,”Haveyouhadyourmeal?”,“Whereareyougoing?”or“Wherehaveyoubeen?”Whendecoding,Chinesepeopleknowthequestionhasnorealsignificanceatall,itismerelyagreeting.However,thewesternersfeeluncomfortable,evenoffended.Theyregarditasarequestforinformationandasaninvasionoftheirprivacy,sincetheyhaveaverystr