德国功能主义翻译学派

Acknowledgements:刘青青吴九慧徐楚ContentsFunctionalistTheoriesBackgroundDevelopmentCommentsBackgroundTwoSchoolsTheLeipzigSchool莱比锡派TheSaarbrückenSchool萨尔派RepresentativesAlbrechtNeubert,OttoKadeWolfmanWilssFeaturesBasedongenerativetransformationalgrammarLoyalfollowerofNidaEquivalencewasthecoreoftranslationstudy.TranslationwasenslavedbyLinguistics.Translationtheorydivorcedfrompractice.Development—KatharinaReiss•MöglichhkeitenundGrenzenderÜbersetzungskritik（《翻译批评的可能性与限制》,1971）setuptheprototypeoffunctionalisttheory.•TextTypes德文英文中文inhaltsbetontetextsemphasizingcontentorinformation信息型文本formbetontetextsemphasizingtheformofthelanguage表达型文本appellbetontetextsemphasizingappealtothereader操作型文本Development—KatharinaReissDevelopment—HansVermeer•GrundlegungeinerallgemeinenTranslationstheorie（《普通翻译理论原理》,1984）wasthefoundationaltextoffunctionalisttheory.SkoposTheory翻译目的论•Skopo:theGreekfor“thegoal,thefunction”•Translate/Interpret/Speak/Writeinawaythatenablesyourtext/translationtofunctioninthesituationinwhichitisusedandwiththepeoplewhowanttouseitandpreciselyinthewaytheywantittofunction.•Totranslatemeanstoproduceatargettextinatargetsettingforatargetpurposeandtargetaddresseesintargetcircumstances.Development—HansVermeerSkoposTheory翻译目的论ThreeRules•TheTTisdeterminedbyitsskopos（目的法则）•TheTTmustbeinternallycoherent（语内连贯法则）•TheTTmustbecoherentwiththeST（语际连贯法则）Thefocusoftranslation:Development—Holz-MänttäriTranslator×MessageTransmitter√Thestatusoftranslator:•Notasecondary,mechanicalscribe•Across-culturalprofessional•Aresponsiblepartnerincommunicationevents•HasequalstatuswithauthorsandeditorsDevelopment—ChristianeNordSomeAdditions•Theinitiator（翻译发起人）decidesuponthetranslation’sgoal,nottheauthor,receiver,ortranslator.•Thetranslationbrief（翻译纲要）providesasmanydetails(thepurpose,theaddressee,thetime,theplace,theoccasion,andthemedium)forthetranslatortofollow.CommentsAdvantages•Greatlyempowerthetranslators•Effectiveintheevaluationoftranslation•SuccessfulinpoliticalandbusinesstranslationDisadvantages•Translatorsarebecomingmoresubordinatetotheinitiators.•Cannotescapetheirnormativeandprescriptivenature