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Chapter6EDUCATIONintheUnitedStatesEducationintheUnitedStatesWhatarethereasonsthattheUnitedStateshavebecamepowerfulandwasabletosustainitspower?Pre-readingQuestions:1.Whatdoescompulsoryeducationmean?2.IscollegeeducationfreeintheUS?3.WhichofthefollowingisnotauniversityintheUS?(a)YaleUniversity(b)ColumbiaUniversity(c)OxfordUniversity4.InpublicschoolsintheUS,fundingmainlycomesfrom(a)taxpayers(b)privatefoundations(c)privatedonations(d)tuitionfromstudent5.WhichoneofthefollowingistheoldestuniversityintheUS?(a)Princeton(b)NewYorkUniversity(c)Harvard(d)UniversityofEdinburghGoingtoSchoolTodayWhatisthegoalofeducation?Toachieveuniversalliteracyandtoprovideindividualswiththeknowledgeandskillsnecessarytopromoteboththeirownindividualwelfareaswellasthatofthegeneralpublic.GoingtoSchoolTodayWhatdoesK-12educationmean?PrimaryeducationandsecondaryeducationtogetherreferredtoasK-12“educationintheUnitedStates.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenprivateandpublicschools?•Numbers•Religiouscharacteristics•Expenditure美国室内教室美国小学室外教室Education–ALocalMatterWhyiseducationconsideredasalocalmatter?•TheUnitedStatesdoesnothaveanationalschoolsystem.•Thegovernmentprovidesguidanceandfundingforfederaleducationalprogramsinwhichbothpublicandprivateschoolstakepart.•Eachofthe50stateshasitsownlawsregulatingeducation.•Agesattendingschoolsvarious•Moststatesrequireattendanceuptoage16,someupto18.Thus,everychildinAmericareceivesatleast11yearsofeducation.•Differentrolesintheselectionoflearningmaterials•TheUnitedStatesElementarySchoolGradeAgeRemarksKindergarten5-6K-2:Primarygrades1(first)6-72(second)7-83(third)8-93-5:Intermediategrades4(fourth)9-105(fifth)10-11MiddleSchoolRemarks6(sixth)7(seventh)11-12*SomesystemshaveJuniorHighSchoolforGrades7and8.8(eighth)13-1413-14HighSchoolGradeAge9(Freshman)14-1510(sophomore)15-1611(Junior)16-1712(Senior)17-18EducationintheUnitedStatesislocallycontrolledandadministered.Consequently,thereisagreatdealofvariationfromonestatetoanother,andevenwithinastate.PrimaryschoolAmericanchildrenstartschoolattheageoffiveyears.Thefirstyearatschooliscalledkindergarten.Thesecondyearatschoolisreferredtoasfirstgrade.Primaryschoolmostcommonlyconsistsoffiveyearsofeducation,referredtoasfirstthroughfifthgrades.Ingeneral,astudentlearnsbasicarithmeticandsometimesrudimentaryalgebrainmathematics,aswellaslearningEnglishproficiency(languagearts),suchasbasicgrammar,spelling,andvocabulary.Someschoolsalsoprovidessocialstudies.HigherSchoolUponcompletionoffifthgrade,Americanchildrenenrolledinthesecondaryschool.Secondaryschoolmostcommonlyconsistsofatotalofsevenyears,referredtoassixththroughtwelfthgrades.Theninththroughtwelfthgradesaremostcommonlyreferredtoashighschool.•Science(biology,chemistry,andphysics)•Mathematics•English(fouryears)•SocialScience(varioushistory,government,andeconomicscourses,alwaysincludingAmericanhistory)•Physicaleducation(atleastoneyear)ManystatesrequireaHealthcourseinwhichstudentslearnanatomy,nutrition,andfirstaid;thebasicconceptsofsexualityandbirthcontrol;andwhytoavoidsubstanceslikeillegaldrugs,cigarettes,andalcohol.Commontypesofelectivesinclude:•Visualarts(drawing,sculpture,painting,photography,film)•PerformingArts(drama,band,orchestra,dance)•Shop(woodworking,metalworking,automobilerepair)•Computers(wordprocessing,programming,graphicdesign)•Athletics(football,baseball,basketball,trackandfield,swimming,gymnastics,waterpolo,soccer)•Publishing(journalism,yearbook)•ForeignlanguagesUSAHighSchoolsandHighSchoolDiplomasTheUSAhighschoolsystemisunlikethatofmanyothercountries.ThereislittlenationalstandardizationinthetypicalUSAhighschool(orsecondaryschool)curriculum.PuritancontributiontoAmericaneducation•In1634,theyopena“Latingrammar”school,aschoolforthosewhowantedtoprepareforcollege.•In1636,HarvardCollegewasfoundedforthetrainingofreligiousministers•In1634and1638,thePuritanspassedlawsdeclaringthatallpropertycouldbetaxedforthecommongood,whichincludedthesupportofschools•In1642and1647,theBayColonypassedlawsrequiringallparentstoprovidereadingeducationfortheirchildren.•Inlessthan20years,thePuritanintroducedtwopracticesthatstillinfluenceAmericanyouth:(1)compulsoryeducationforallchildren(2)publictaxationforschools联合国定义的文盲是不能读和写任何一种语言的简单信息。1950年统计44％的世界人口是文盲，1978年降到32.5％，1990年降到27％，1998年降到16％。然而，联合国儿童基金会1998年的研究指出，21世纪文盲率将会增加，因为20世纪末只有四分之一的儿童在校。文盲率最高的地方是非洲、亚洲和南美洲的欠发达国家。最低的是澳大利亚、日本和北朝鲜，以及欧洲和北美。按联合国标准，美国和加拿大的文盲率约1％，但其中的农村地区文盲率可能会高的多2004年中国各省市文盲率排名省市文盲率省市文盲率河北无数据海南6.98%西藏32.5%江苏6.31%青海18.03%湖南5.98%甘肃14.34%天津5.92%贵州13.89%河南5.87%云南11.39%山西5.63%宁夏11.26%新疆5.56%安徽10.06%上海5.4%内蒙古9.12%江西5.16%山东8.46%黑龙江5.1%四川7.64%北京4.9%陕西7.3%辽宁4.76%福建7.2%吉林4.57%湖北7.15%广东3.84%浙江7.06%广西3.79%Lookatthefiguresshowedabove:Whatdidyounotice?Whatisthedifferences?Whatshouldwedochange?HigherEducationWhile-readingquestions:1)Outofthreemillionstudentsgraduatefromhigherschool,howmanygoonforhighereducation?2)Whatarebasisforsuccessfulapplicants?3)Whatconsistsofinstitutionsystem?4)Whatarethefactorsthatdeterminethequalityofanintuition?5)FactorscontributingtotheflourishingoflargeuniversitiesinAmerica?Inordert