制度的需求与供给

123/4516789101[]TW19911991219931993.8.3[]1982,19891989[]1971,198819884[]1934,19911991199219922[]19971997520002000.56[]19941999199924-257UlrichWitt(1989):TheevolutionofeconomicinstitutionsasapropagationprocessinPulicChoice62:152-172.819991999.19199319931019991999.1123435674895∫∫∫∞−−−∞≥+1000)]([)]([)]([012tttrtrtrttdtetymdtetymdtetym6Y0=f(y,dy/dt)Y∂0/y0,∂∂Y0/∂(dy/dt)0t0t1t0t1Y2(t)re-rt10m[Yk]=max(m[Y0],m[Y1],m[Y2],,m[Yn])m[Yk]Y0Y1,Y2,,YnAanAB(a)a3324(n)Bn4211/7anX11=f11(Z)X12=f12(Z)aY11=g11(Z)Y12=g12(Z)X21=f21(Z)X22=f22(Z)nY21=g21(Z)Y22=g22(Z)anZXZfYZgX11=max(X11,X12,X21,X22)Y11=max(Y11,Y12,Y21,Y22),ZTZ=h(t)dZ/dt0dX11/dZ0dY11/dZ0dX22/dZ0,dY22/dZ0X22=max(X11,X12,X21,X22),Y22=max(Y11,Y12,Y21,Y22),1Z=h(t)X11=max(X11,X12,X21,X22),Y11=max(Y11,Y12,Y21,Y22),2Z=h(t),X11=max(X11,X12,X21,X22),Z=h(t),Y11=max(Y11,Y12,Y21,Y22),Z=h(t),Y12=max(Y11,Y12,Y21,Y22),3Z=h(t),Y11=max(Y11,Y12,Y21,Y22),Z=h(t),X11=max(X11,X12,X21,X22),Z=h(t),X21=max(X11,X12,X21,X22),4Z=h(t),X11=max(X11,X12,X21,X22),8Y11=max(Y11,Y12,Y21,Y22),Z=h(t),X21=max(X11,X12,X21,X22),Y12=max(Y11,Y12,Y21,Y22),anZ=h(t),tT,T1X22=max(X11,X12,X21,X22),Y22=max(Y11,Y12,Y21,Y22)2X22=max(X11,X12,X21,X22),Y21=max(Y11,Y12,Y21,Y22)3Y22=max(Y11,Y12,Y21,Y22),X12=max(X11,X12,X21,X22)4X12=max(X11,X12,X21,X22),Y21=max(Y11,Y12,Y21,Y22)aanZ=h(t),tT1X11=max(X11,X12,X21,X22),Y21=max(Y11,Y12,Y21,Y22)2X21=max(X11,X12,X21,X22),Y22=max(Y11,Y12,Y21,Y22)T1T2ZtZXY/XYZf’11f’21g’11g’12f’12f’22g’21g’22ttsZZSf’11f’21f’12,f’22,g’11g’12g’21,g’22f12f22g21g22ttZttttS,ZtZSnZt2nZZZanaZf11g11f22g22nZf22g22f11g11an11abccaccbcabcba443325b332214cac524188b9cca4542cctLabcdX11=f11(t)X12=f12(t)X13=f13(t)X14=f14(t)a’Y11=g11(t)Y12=g12(t)Y13=g13(t)Y14=g14(t)X21=f21(t)X22=f22(t)X23=f23(t)X24=f24(t)b’Y21=g21(t)Y22=g22(t)Y23=g23(t)Y24=g24(t)X31=f31(t)X32=f32(t)X33=f33(t)X34=f34(t)c’Y31=g31(t)Y32=g32(t)Y33=g33(t)Y34=g34(t)X41=f41(t)X42=f42(t)X43=f43(t)X44=f44(t)dY41=g41(t)Y42=g42(t)Y43=g43(t)Y44=g44(t)aa’X11Y11tLX11cdX13X14X11aX13X14X11X14X11X14dY14Y11Y24a’a’dX14Y14Y14Y11Y24b’X24X14b’dX24Y24Y14Y11Y24cdY34Y44Y14Y44Y14Y44d’X44X14X44X14X11d’dX44Y44aa’ddaa’dd10X44X14X44X14X11dd’X14X24X34X11d’X44X11dd’X44X11Y44Y11X44X11Y44Y11X44X11Y44Y11dY11dd’aa’dd’max(Y14,Y24Y34Y44)c’max(X31X32X33X34)X33X33min(X14X24X34X44)cmax(Y13,Y23Y33Y43))Y33ccaabbbbccccddddaaaabb121111996199652-612[]199019941994419991999.6[]200020001423[]GM1993157-1594[]19811981915[]Hodgson,GM.(1993)IntroductionING.M.Hodgsoned.TheEconomicsofInstitutionsEdwardElgarPublishingLimited.631497[]199619991999108200220029[]1019931993.1nTC0,nTC019931993.3STRTt1-t2+STRNt2-t3STRPt1-t2+SICt1-t2STRTt1-t2STRNt2-t3STRPt1-t2SICt1-t219971997.1m=f(P,r,x)m/∂∂P0,∂m/∂r012P=nTC0mPrx11[]20012001199200122001200160∫∫∫∞−−−∞≥+1000)]([)]([)]([012tttrtrtrttdtetymdtetymdtetymY0=f(y,dy/dt)Y∂0/y0,∂Y0/∂(dy/dt)0t0t1t0t1Y2(t)re-rtm[Yk]=max(m[Y0],m[Y1],m[Y2],,m[Yn])m[Yk]Y0Y1,Y2,,Yn13114SYSYtSYSYtSYt2SYtSYtSYt1.2.SYSYtSYSYtSYSYt3415QUSMqmQUqmSMqmqmQUQUqmSMqmqmQUqmSYSYtSYSYtSYSYt5SYtSY16611993199319931993.8.2[]VW19911991319931993.8.43519971997.1.63UlrichWitt(1989):TheevolutionofeconomicinstitutionsasapropagationprocessinPulicChoice62:152-172.Hodgson,GM.(1993)IntroductionINGMHodgsoned.TheEconomicsofInstitutionsEdwardElgarPublishingLimited.[]TW19911991[]GM1993[]VW19911991[]19811981[]17[]1982,19891989[]1971,19881988[]1934,1991199119921992[]19971997[]19941999199924-25[]199019941994[]199619991999[]200120011993199319931993.1.19931993.319931993.8.19951995.91996199619971997.1.19991999.620002000.52001200118