英语诗歌分类

1、十四行诗(Sonnet)源于中世纪民间抒情短诗，十三、十四世纪流行于意大利，意大利彼特拉克（Petrarch）为代表人物，每行十一个音节，全诗一节八行，加一节六行，韵脚用abba,abba,cdcdcd(cdecde)。前八行提问，后六行回答。后来，怀亚特（ThomasWyatt,1503-1542）将十四行诗引人英国，五音步抑扬格，全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问，后二句结论。斯宾塞（EdmundSpenser,1552-1599）用韵脚abab,bcbc,cdcd,ee。莎士比亚（WilliamShakespeare,1564-1616）用韵脚abab,cdcd,efef,gg，称英国式或莎士比亚式。2、打油诗（Limericks）：通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌，一般没有标题也无作者姓名，含有幽默讽刺性，常运用双关，内韵等手法。每首诗五个诗行，押韵为aabba，格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。1)TherewasayoungladyofNiggerWhosmiledassherodeonatiger;TheyreturnedfromtherideWiththeladyinside,Andthesmileonthefaceofthetiger.2)AtutorwhotaughtonthefluteTriedtoteachtwotooterstotoot,“Isithardertotoot,orSaidthetwotothetutor,Totutortwotooterstotoot?”3、素体诗(无韵体诗)（BlankVerse）：五音步抑扬格，不押韵诗体。theunrhymediambicpentameterlineWilliamWordsworth:ThereWasaBoyTherewasaBoy;yeknewhimwell,yecliffsAndislandsofWinander!manyatime,Atevening,whentheearlieststarsbeganTomovealongtheedgesofthehills,Risingorsetting,wouldhestandalone,Beneaththetrees,orbytheglimmeringlake;Andthere,withfingersinterwoven,bothhandsPressedcloselypalmtopalmandtohismouthUplifted,he,asthroughaninstrument,BlewmimichootingstothesilentowlsThattheymightanswerhim.—AndtheywouldshoutAcrossthewateryvale,andshoutagain,Responsivetohiscall,—withquiveringpeals,Andlonghalloos,andscreams,andechoesloudRedoubledandredoubled;concoursewildOfjocunddin!And,whentherecameapauseOfsilencesuchasbaffledhisbestskill:Then,sometimes,inthatsilence,whilehehungListening,agentleshockofmildsurpriseHascarriedfarintohisheartthevoiceOfmountain-torrents;orthevisiblesceneWouldenterunawaresintohismindWithallitssolemnimagery,itsrocks,Itswoods,andthatuncertainheavenreceivedIntothebosomofthesteadylake.Thisboywastakenfromhismates,anddiedInchildhood,erehewasfulltwelveyearsold.Pre-eminentinbeautyisthevaleWherehewasbornandbred:thechurchyardhangsUponaslopeabovethevillage-school;AndthroughthatchurchyardwhenmywayhasledOnsummer-evenings,IbelievethatthereAlonghalf-hourtogetherIhavestoodMute—lookingatthegraveinwhichhelies!4、自由诗（FreeVerse）自由诗（FreeVerse）:现代诗中常见的体式，长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中，不讲究押韵与格律，只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。美国诗人WaltWhitman的草叶集（LeavesofGrass）中，就采用此格式。SongofMyselfIcelebratemyself,andsingmyself,AndwhatIassumeyoushallassume,Foreveryatombelongingtomeasgoodbelongstoyou.Iloafeandinvitemysoul,Ilearnandloafeatmyeaseobservingaspearofsummergrass.Mytongue,everyatomofmyblood,form’dfromthissoil,thisair,Bornhereofparentsbornherefromparentsthesame,andtheirparentsthesame,I,nowthirtysevenyearsoldinperfecthealthbegin,Hopingtoceasenottilldeath.Creedsandschoolsinabeyance,Retiringbackawhilesufficedatwhattheyare,butneverforgotten.Iharborforgoodorbad,Ipermittospeakateveryhazard.Naturewithoutcheckwithoriginalenergy.Notes:aspearof:apieceofschool:学说，流派hazard:chanceabeyance:theconditionofnotbeinginuseforacertaintime惠特曼（WaltWhitman,1819-1892），美国诗人。此诗选自其巨著草叶集。本文是SongofMyself一诗的第一部分，采用自由诗体，语言接近当时的美国口语。5、Epicpoetryitisalongversenarrativeonaserioussubject,toldinaformalandelevatedstyle,andcenteredonaheroicorquasi-divinefigureonwhoseactionsdependsthefateofatribe,anation,orthehumanrace.史诗是叙述英雄传说和重大历史事件的叙事长诗。一种庄严的文学体裁，内容为民间传说或歌颂英雄功绩的长篇叙事诗，它涉及的主题可以包括历史事件、民族、宗教或传说史诗史诗一般分作两种，一种为“传统史诗”或“原始史诗”，主要是以口头流传的形式世代相传，随着时间而增添情节，最后被整理、加工，以文字记载成为一部统一的作品。这类史诗的代表有荷马的史诗作品《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》。另一种为文学作家以特定的观念目的有意识地编写而成的“文学史诗”，这类史诗的代表有维吉尔的《埃涅阿斯纪》和约翰·弥尔顿的《失乐园》。6、英雄双韵体(HeroicCouplet),therhymedcoupletofiambicpentameter是一种英国古典诗体，由乔叟首创。由十音节双韵诗体演化而来，每行五个音步,每个音步有两个音节,第一个是轻音,第二个是重音.句式均衡、整齐、准确、简洁、考究。举例拿四行诗的押韵方式为例，有abab型，有abcb型，有abba型，有aabb型，还有aaab型。第四种（aabb型）实际上是双行押韵，英语称之为couplet,如果每行五音步，则称之为“英雄双押韵”(heroiccouplet)；TheCanterburyTales---GeneralPrologueAssoonasAprilpiercestotherootThedroughtofMarch,andbatheseachbudandshootThrougheveryveinofsapwithgentleshowersFromwhoseengenderingliquorspringtheflowers;WhenzephyrshavebreathedsoftlyallaboutInspiringeverywoodandfieldtosprout,AndinthezodiactheyouthfulsunHisjourneyhalfwaythroughtheRamhasrun;WhenlittlebirdsarebusywiththeirsongWhosleepwithopeneyesthewholenightlongLifestirstheirheartsandtingleinthemso,Thenoffaspilgrimspeoplelongtogo,AndpalmerstosetoutfordistantstrandsAndforeignshrinesrenownedinmanylands.AndspeciallyinEnglandpeoplerideToCanterburyfromeverycountrysideTovisittheretheblessedmartyredsaintWhogavethemstrengthwhentheyweresickandfaint.7、Balladsandpopularballads大众民谣Definitionoftheballad:Aballad,flourishedinthe15thcentury,isastorytoldinsong,usuallyin4-linestanzas,withthesecondandfourthlinesrhymed.PopularBalladsBalladsareanonymousnarrativesongsthathavebeenpreservedbyoraltransmission.Literatureofthecommonpeople.flourishedinthe15thcentury,printeduntilthe18thand19th.ThebestknownoftheearliestcollectionswasBishopThomasPercy’s“ReliquesofAncientEnglishPoetry”.英国民谣（EnglishBallad），起源于中世纪末期，即12、13世纪，兴盛于14、15世纪，复兴于18、19世纪，是英国最古老的诗歌形式之一。它主要包括两大部分，英格兰民谣和苏格兰民谣。GetUpandBeartheDoorItfellabouttheMartinmastime,Andagaytimeitwasthen,Whenourgoodwifegotpuddingstomake,Andshe’sboiledtheminthepan.Thewindsocoldblewsouthandnorth,Andblewintothefloor;Quothourgoodmantoourgoodwife,“Gooutandbarthedoor.”“Myhandisinmyhussyfscap,Goodm