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Lecture15TheModernPeriod(III)ⅠTeachingContentD.H.Lawrence;W.B.YeatsⅡTimeAllotment2periodsⅢTeachingObjectivesandRequirements1HelpthestudentsknowclearlyaboutD.H.Lawrence.2HelpthestudentshaveabetterunderstandingofSonsandLovers.3HelpthestudentsknowaboutW.B.Yeats.ⅣKeyPointsandDifficultPointsinTeaching1D.H.Lawrence2W.B.YeatsⅤTeachingMethodsandMeansLecture;Discussion;Multi-mediaⅥTeachingProcess1D.H.Lawrence(1885-1930)1.1Generalintroduction●DavidHerbertLawrenceisanovelist,short-storywriter,poetandessayist,andwasborninEastwood,Nottinghamshire,England,in1885.Thoughbetterknownasanovelist,Lawrence’sfirst-publishedworks(in1909)werepoems,andhispoetry,especiallyhisevocationsofthenaturalworld,havesincehadasignificantinfluenceonmanypoetsonbothsidesoftheAtlantic.HisearlypoemsreflecttheinfluenceofEzraPoundandImagistmovement,whichreacheditspeakintheearlyteensofthetwentiethcentury.WhenPoundattemptedtodrawLawrenceintohiscircleofwriter-followers,however,Lawrencedecidedtopursueamoreindependentpath.●Hebelievedinwritingpoetrythatwasstark,immediateandtruetothemysteriousinnerforcewhichmotivatedit.Manyofhisbest-lovedpoemstreatthephysicalandinnerlifeofplantsandanimals;othersarebitterlysatiricandexpresshisoutrageatthepuritanismandhypocrisyofconventionalAnglo-Saxonsociety.Lawrencewasarebelliousandprofoundlypolemicalwriterwithradicalviews,whoregardedsex,theprimitivesubconscious,andnatureascurestowhatheconsideredtheevilsofmodernindustrializedsociety.●LawrencewasheavilyinfluencedbyFreudianism.Heplacedemphasisonthedepictionoftheinnerworldandtheirrationalandcalledfortheemancipationoftheid.Hehatedthetyrannyofreasonandtherationalinlife.Tohimthegreatandthebeautifulcomefromwithintheinnersoul,notfromtheprogressofsocietyandscience.●Hecallsfortherestorationofman’strueselfhoodtoitspristinepurity.Hefeelsthatthemostsacredthingislove,andthesacredcanberealizedonlyinthelovebetweenamanandawoman.Onlyinlovecanmanrestorehistrueemotionalself.Sexisthehighestexpressionofindividuality,andmodernman’stragedyliesinseeingsexasthefulfillmentofananimaldesireandinrepressinglove’sirrationality.Heregardssexashisreligion,seestheessenceofreligiousexperienceasone’sownexperience,andfeelsthattheemotionthatmakeshumanshumanshouldexistindependentoftraditionalandsocialconscienceandcommitment.●Lawrence’smajorthemeislove.●Tremendouslyprolific,hisworkwasoftenuneveninquality,andhewasacontinualsourceofcontroversy,ofteninvolvedinwidely-publicizedcensorshipcases,mostfamouslyforhisnovelLadyChatterley’sLover(1928).HiscollectionsofpoetryincludeLook!WeHaveComeThrough(1917),acollectionofpoemsabouthiswife;Birds,Beasts,andFlowers(1923);andPansies(1929),whichwasbannedonpublicationinEngland.HisfamousnovelsincludetwomasterpiecesTheRainbowandWomeninLove.(SeeChangYaoxin,406-408)1.2SonsandLovers1.2.1Thestory(ChangYaoxin,408-410)1.2.2Themes●FreeWillLawrenceaddressestheissueoffreewillinhisnovel,askingtowhatextenthischaracters’environmentinfluencestheircharacters’choices.Lawrencemakesthisexplicitinhisdescriptions.●Sons,mothers,andtheOedipuscomplex“Oedipuscomplex,”isdescribedbyLawrence’scontemporary,thefounderofpsychoanalysis,SigmundFreud.FreudtooktheoldGreekmythofOedipus,inwhichtheherounknowinglykillshisfatherandmarrieshisownmother,asareflectionofman’ssubconscioussexualdesires.FreudrebelledagainsttheVictorianideathatchildrenareasexual.Hebelievedthatachild’searliestsexualattraction(ataboutthreetofiveyearsofage)istotheparentoftheoppositesex.Freudconcludedhistheorywiththewarningthatifaboydidnoteventuallysuppressthisattractionandbegintoidentifywithhisfather,hewouldneverbeabletotransferhisearlyloveforhismothertoasuitablepartner.●Man/womanlove◆SonsandLoversisaninvestigationoflovebetweenmenandwomen.PaulhasaspirituallovewithMiriamandasexualonewithClara.BothrelationshipsleavehimunfulfilledbecausePaulneedsalovethatcombinesbothspiritualandsexualelementsinonewoman.Lawrenceclarifiedanddevelopedhisideasontheimportanceofman/womanloveinhislaternovels.Still,inthisnovelyougetastrongfeelingthatsurvivalinmodern,industrialsocietydependsonstrongheterosexualrelationships.Sucharelationshipisonlypossiblewhenbothmanandwomanarespirituallyandphysicallyvital.PaulMorel’sunfulfilledquestforthissortofrelationshipisamajorthemeofSonsandLovers.◆SexisaboneofcontentionbetweenPaulandhistwoloves,MiriamandClara.Bothwomenwantapersonal,emotionalrelationship,whereasPaulviewssexasratherimpersonal.Thewomanisn’texactlyanobject,butacatalystforman’smysticalcommunionwithnature.◆Lawrence’ssenseofsexasgoodwasalientotheVictorianbeliefthatitwasevilandbeastly.Sexwasnotsupposedtobeatopicofconversationbetweenamanandagoodwoman.ThecharacterofMiriamisadepictionofrepressedsexualitycommonintheVictorianwoman.ManyotherwriterswereencouragedbyLawrence’sbolddescriptionsofthesexualactandcontinuedhisrevolutionaryworkintheirownnovels.●Thematurationofanartist◆SonsandLoverstellsthestoryofanindividualgrowinguptobecomeatalentedpainterandadeeplysensitive,troubledyoungman.ThenoveltracesPaul’sdiscoveryofhisneedandabilitytopaint.ArtforPaulisinspiredbynatureandwomen.Thebeautyofthe