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Lecture3TheElizabethanAge(II)ⅠTeachingContentOriginsofEnglishdrama;ShakespeareⅡTimeAllotment2periodsⅢTeachingObjectivesandRequirements1HelpthestudentsknowsomeinformationabouttheoriginsofEnglishdrama.2HelpthestudentshaveagoodunderstandingofShakespeare.3MakesurethestudentshaveabetterunderstandingofHamlet(Act3,Scene1,Lines55-86).ⅣKeyPointsandDifficultPointsinTeaching1Shakespeare2Hamlet(Act3,Scene1,Lines55-86)ⅤTeachingMethodsandMeansLecture;Discussion;Multi-mediaⅥTeachingProcess1AsketchofthehistoryofEnglishdrama1.1Fourkindsofplay●MiracleplaysThemiracleplayhadasitssubjecteitherastoryfromthebible,orelsethelifeandmartyrdomofasaint.Intheusageofsomehistorians,however,“miracleplay”denotesonlydramasbasedonsaints’lives,andterm“mysteryplay”.●Moralityplays◆MoralityplaysweredramatizedallegoriesofarepresentativeChristianlifeintheplotformofaquestforsalvation,inwhichthecrucialeventsaretemptations,sinning,andtheclimacticconfrontationwithdeath.◆TheusualprotagonistrepresentsMankind,orEveryman;amongtheothercharactersarepersonificationsofvirtues,vicesandDeath,aswellasangelsanddemonswhocontestfortheprizeofthesoulofMankind.AcharacterknownastheViceoftenplayedtheroleofthetempterinafashionbothsinisterandcomic;heisregardedasaprecursorbothofthecynical,ironicvillainandofsomeofthecomicfiguresinElizabethandrama,includingShakespeare’sFalstaff.●InterludeInterludeisatermappliedtoavarietyofshortstageentertainments,suchassecularfarcesandwittydialogueswithareligiousorpoliticalpoint.Inthelatefifteenandearlysixteenthcenturies,theselittledramaswereperformedbybandsofprofessionalactors;it’sbelievedthattheywereoftenputonbetweenthecoursesofafeastorbetweentheactsofalongplay.●TruedramaThetruedramaappearedintheElizabethanageandithaditsdeeprootsinthemiracleandmoralityplays.Itrepresentsreallifeaslivedbyrealpeople.Herewererealpeoplewithrealnameswithnoabstractpersonifications,involvedinrealeventsthatwereculledfromreality,andreplicatinghumanbehaviorintheirdailyexistence.Plotsevolvedaroundintriguingtrue-to-lifestoriesinsomeconceivableorder,whichwerenormallysequentialatfirstinwell-arrangedactsandscenes.1.2TheElizabethandramatistswhoinfluencedShakespeare●UniversityWits◆Themysteryplays,themoralityplaysandtheinterludespavedthewayforthecomingofthegoldenageofEnglishdrama—theElizabethanAge.◆Atthebeginningofthisperiod,agroupofOxfordandCambridgegraduatescametoLondonwiththeambitiontobecomeprofessionalwriters.Theywereeagertoputwhattheyhadlearnedatuniversitiesbeforethepublic.Theyworkedaspoets,prose-writersandplaywrights.Thisgroup,laterknownasthe“UniversityWits,”consistsofagroupoftalentedyoungwriters,suchasRobertGreene,JohnLyly,ThomasNashe,ThomasLodge,ThomasKyd,GeorgePeele,andChristopherMarlowe.◆TheyhelpedtofreeEnglishtragedyfromartificialrestrictionsimposedbyclassicalauthorityandtheydevelopedacomedytraditionthatismoreclosetolife.TheirplayspavedthewayforthecreationofmanyofShakespeare’smasterpieces.TheirinfluenceonShakespeareiscertain:KydandMarloweinfluencedhisgreattragedies;Greene,Peel,LodgeandLylyinfluencedhiscomediesandromances.●ChristopherMarlowe(1564-1593)◆ChristopherMarlowediedtheyoungestamongthe“universitywits.”However,heiswidelyacknowledgedasthegreatesttragedywriterbeforeWilliamShakespeare.Marlowe’stalentasaskillfulplaywrightwasfirstshownatCambridge,wherehecomposedTamburlaine(c.1587),adramainblankverse.Inthefollowingsixyears,hewrotefivemoreplays:Tamburlaine,PartII,TheMassacreatParis,EdwardII(1594),whichservedasamodelforShakespeare’sRichardIIandRichardIII;TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus(performedin1594;publishedin1604);andthetragedyTheJewofMalta(performedabout1592;Publishedin1633).◆MarloweisoneofthefirstplaywrightstouseblankverseinEnglishdrama.HisinfluenceonShakespeareiscertainandhecouldevenhaveahandinthecompositionofsomeofShakespeare’splays.Marlowe’stragediesdemonstrateapassionandgrandeurthatonlyShakespeare’splayscanmatch.Buthewasoftensomuchcarriedawaybyemotionthatheneglectedthestructuralsmoothnessdemandedofafirstplaywright.◆TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustusisaplaybasedontheGermanlegendofamagicalaspiringforknowledgeandfinallymeetinghistragicendasaresultofsellinghissoultothedevil.Theplay’sdominantmoralishumanratherthanreligious.Itcelebratesthehumanpassionforknowledge,powerandhappiness;italsorevealsman’sfrustrationinrealizingthehighaspirationsinahostilemoralorder.Andtheconfinementtotimeisthecruelestfactofman’scondition.1.3BenJonson●ThelastgreatElizabethanandprobablythefirstpoetLaureate(1616)andthefirstdictatorinEnglishhistory●Hisreputationasaplaywrightwasestablishedbythesuccessofhiscomedy,EveryManinHisHumor(1598)●Wasarealisticwriter●Isrememberedtodaychieflyasaplaywright●CallsShakespeare“theSouloftheAge,”and“Notofanagebutforalltime”2WilliamShakespeareAsthegreatestEnglishdramatistandpoet,Shakespeareleftusagreatwealthof37plays,including14comedies,12tragedies,and11historicalplays,154sonnets,aswellastwolongpoems.2.1Shakespeareasaplaywright●ThreeperiodsofShakespeare’screationofplays◆Thefirstperiod:1590to1600,inwhichhewrotealtogether22plays:11comedies,threetragediesandeight