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IntroductionAgoodbeginningmakesagoodending.1.Whatisanintroduction?2.What’sthepurposeoftheintroduction?3.HowshouldIstart?4.Howtobuildamodelofintroduction?5.Themodelofintroduction.6.Fourcomponentsofamodel.7.Grammarandwritingskills.8.Vocabulary1.WhatIsanIntroduction?Theintroductionsectionshowsthequestionsthatshouldbeansweredforthereadersoncetheyfinishreadingthe“Introduction”.Readerswillaskthequestions:WhattopicamIgoingtolearnabout?Whyisthattopicimportant?DoIknowthetopicalready?WhatdoIknowalready?2.What’sthePurposeoftheIntroduction?Theintroductioncomesatthestartofapieceofwriting.Withoutthispart,thereadercannoteasilyunderstandthemoredetailedinformationabouttheresearchthatcomeslaterinthethesis.Itintroduces:theresearchbysituatingit(bygivingbackground),presentingtheresearchproblem,andsayinghowandwhythisproblemwillbesolved,explainingwhytheresearchisbeingdone.(ratio'nale)whichiscrucialforthereadertounderstandthesignificanceofthestudy.3.HowShouldIStart?Youmaywanttostartyourintroductionbydescribingtheproblemyouaretryingtosolve,ortheaimofyourwork,butasyouwillseewhenyouexaminepublishedwork,thisisnothowmostresearchpapersbegin—andthereforeitisnotthebestwayforyoutobegin.Inordertohelpyouwritetheintroductiontoyourownresearch,themodelyoubuildmustanswerthefollowingthreequestions:Howdowritersnormallystarttheintroduction?Whattypeofinformationshouldbeinmyintroduction,andinwhatorder?Howdowritersnormallyendtheintroduction?4.BuildaModelofIntroductionTask:Readthefollowingintroductionanddecidewhattheauthortellsusineachsentence.Buildamodelofintroductionbywritingashortdescriptionofwhatthewriterisdoingineachsentence.ExampleAnalysis?The'SynthesisofFlexiblePolymerBlendsfromPolylactideandRubbersIntroduction(1)Polylactide(PLA)hasreceivedmuchattentioninrecentyearsduetoitsbiode'gradableproperties,whichofferimportanteconomicbenefits.(2)PLAisapolymerobtainedfromcornandisproducedbythepolymerizationoflactide.Analysis:Inthissentence,thewriter:(1)establishestheimportanceofthisresearchtopic(2)providesgeneralbackgroundinformationforthereader.(3)Ithasmanypossibleusesinthebiomedicalfieldandhasalsobeeninvestigatedasapotentialengineeringmaterial.(4)However,ithasbeenfoundtobetooweakunderimpacttobeusedcommercially.(3)inamorespecific/detailedway,usingresearchreferencestosupportboththebackgroundfactsandtheclaimforsignificance(4)describesthegeneralproblemareaorthecurrentresearchfocusofthefield(5)OnewaytotoughenpolymersistoincorporatealayerofrubberparticlesandtherehasbeenextensiveresearchregardingtherubbermodificationofPLA.(6)Forexample,Penneyetal.showedthatPLAcompositescouldbepreparedusingblendingtechniquesandmorerecently，Hillierestablishedthetoughnessofsuchcomposites.(5)providesatransitionbetweenthegeneralproblemareaandtheliteraturereview(6)providesabriefoverviewofkeyresearchprojectsinthisarea(7)However,althoughtheeffectoftherubberparticlesonthemechanicalpropertiesofcopolymersystemswasdemonstratedovertwoyearsago,littleattentionhasbeenpaidtotheselectionofanappropriaterubbercomponent.(8)Thepresentpaperpresentsasetofcriteriaforselectingsuchacomponent.(7)describesagapintheresearch(8)describesthepaperitself(9)Onthebasisofthesecriteria，itthendescribesthepreparationofasetofpolymerblendsusingPLAandahydrocarbonrubber(PI).(10)Thiscombinationoftwomecha'nisticallydistinctpolymerizationsformedanovelcopolymerinwhichtheincorporationofPIsignificantlyincreasedflexibility.(9)givesdetailsaboutthemethodology(10)announcesthefindings5.TheModelofIntroduction(1)establishestheimportanceofthisresearchtopic(2)providesgeneralbackgroundinformationforthereader.(3)inamorespecific/detailedway,usingresearchreferencestosupportboththebackgroundfactsandtheclaimforsignificance.(4)describesthegeneralproblemareaorthecurrentresearchfocusofthefield.确立研究主题的重要性为读者提供总体的背景信息与第1、2句的做法一样，但是更具体描述了所研究领域的一般性问题或当前的研究焦点Continue(5)providesatransitionbetweenthegeneralproblemareaandtheliteraturereview(6)providesabriefoverviewofkeyresearchprojectsinthisarea.(7)describesagapintheresearch(8)describesthepaperitself(9)givesdetailsaboutthemethodology(10)announcesthefindings提供了总体问题领域到文献综述之间的一个过渡概述了此研究领域重要的研究项目描述了已有研究的空白描述了论文本身的工作详细描述了论文中所用的方法公布了论文的结论6.FourComponentsofaModel1EstablishtheimportanceofyourfieldProvidebackground/facts/information(possiblyfromresearch)Definetheterminologyinthetitle/keywordsPresenttheproblemarea/currentresearchfocus确立研究领域的重要性提供背景事实或信息（有可能来自现有文献）定义题目或关键词中的术语给出所研究问题的范畴或目前的研究重点2Previousand/orcurrentresearchandcontributions前期的研究或目前的研究及其贡献3LocateagapintheresearchDescribetheproblemyouwilladdressPresentapredictiontobetested确定已有研究工作的空白；描述你要解决的问题呈现要验证的预测4Describethepresentpaper描述现在的论文AnotherwrittenbyChinesewriterBackground/SettingLiteratureReviewSubjectorProblemPurposeValueorStructure研究课题总背景、意义、研究现状和尚存问题文献回顾和综述突出要研究的主题或问题研究该课题的目的研究的价值、意义或论文结构7.GrammarandWritingSkills1.Tense:a.PresentSimple/PresentPerfect(background/significance/currentresearch)e.g.Fuelcellisatechnologyforthecleanandefficientconversionfromchemicalenergyinfossilfuelstoelectricity.e.g.Thebatterytechnologyhasbecomeincreasingly