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AbstractRodentmodelsofcardiacpathophysiologyrepresentavaluableresearchtooltoinvestigatemechanismofdiseaseaswellastestnewtherapeutics.1Echocardiographyprovidesapowerful,non-invasivetooltoseriallyassesscardiacmorphometryandfunctioninalivinganimal.2However,usingthistechniqueonmiceposesuniquechallengesowingtothesmallsizeandrapidheartrateoftheseanimals.3Untilrecently,fewultrasoundsystemswerecapableofperformingqualityechocardiographyonmice,andthosegenerallylackedtheimageresolutionandframeratenecessarytoobtaintrulyquantitativemeasurements.NewlyreleasedsystemssuchastheVisualSonicsVevo2100providenewtoolsforresearcherstocarefullyandnon-invasivelyinvestigatecardiacfunctioninmice.Thissystemgenerateshighresolutionimagesandprovidesanalysiscapabilitiessimilartothoseusedwithhumanpatients.AlthoughcolorDopplerhasbeenavailableforover30yearsinhumans,thisvaluabletechnologyhasonlyrecentlybeenpossibleinrodentultrasound.4,5ColorDopplerhasbroadapplicationsforechocardiography,includingtheabilitytoquicklyassessflowdirectionalityinvesselsandthroughvalves,andtorapidlyidentifyvalveregurgitation.Strainanalysisisacriticaladvancethatisutilizedtoquantitativelymeasureregionalmyocardialfunction.6Thistechniquehasthepotentialtodetectchangesinpathology,orresolutionofpathology,earlierthanconventionaltechniques.Coupledwiththeadditionofthree-dimensionalimagereconstruction,volumetricassessmentofwhole-organsispossible,includingvisualizationandassessmentofcardiacandvascularstructures.Murine-compatiblecontrastimagingcanalsoallowforvolumetricmeasurementsandtissueperfusionassessment.心脏的病理生理的啮齿类动物模型代表一个有价值的研究工具，调查机制，疾病以及测试新疗法1超声心动图提供了强大的，非侵入性工具，连续评估一个活生生的动物的心脏形态学和功能。，但是，使用这种技术对小鼠对由于这些动物的体积小，心率加快，独特的挑战。直到最近，很少超声系统能够执行质量超声心动图对小鼠，和那些普遍缺乏的图像分辨率和帧速率要获得真正的定量测量。新发布的系统，如VisualSonicsVevo2100为研究者提供新的工具，以谨慎和非侵入性的调查小鼠的心脏功能。该系统生成高分辨率的图像，并提供与人类患者所使用的类似的分析能力。虽然彩色多普勒已超过30年在人类的，这个宝贵的技术最近才得以在啮齿类动物超声。4,5彩色多普勒超声心动图，具有广阔的应用前景，包括能够快速评估船只在通过阀门的流量方向性，并迅速查明瓣关闭不全。应变分析是一个重要的的进步，是利用定量测量区域的心肌功能。6这项技术有可能检测病理变化，或病理的决议，较常规技术。再加此外，整个器官的三维图像重建容积评估是可能的，包括心脏和血管结构的可视化和评估。鼠兼容相衬成像，还可以让体积测量和组织灌注的评估。Protocol1.Preparationforimaging1.Beginbysecuringanisofluraneanesthetizedmousetoananimal-handlingplatforminthesupineposition.Placeanoseconeovertheanimal'snoseandmouthtodeliver0.5-1%isofluranetomaintaintheanesthesia.2.Securethepawsofthemousetotheelectrodepadswithconductinggel.EnsureappropriateECG,bodytemperatureat37°Candcheckrespiratoryrateforphysiologicalassessmentduringimaging.3.Applydepilatorycreamtothechestandupperabdomenofthemouse.4.After2minutes,usewetgauzeremovetothecream.1。成像的制备1.异氟醚麻醉鼠标的动物仰卧位处理平台的开始。放置一个以上的动物提供0.5-1％异氟醚维持麻醉的鼻子和嘴巴的鼻锥。2.鼠标的爪子安全进行凝胶电极片。确保适当的心电图，身体的温度在37℃，呼吸频率，在成像检查生理评估。3.脱毛霜鼠标的胸部和上腹部。4.2分钟后，用湿纱布取出的奶油。2.Leftparasternallongaxisview1.Oncethemousehasbeenpreparedforimaging,tilttheleftsideoftheplatformtorotatetheanimalhandlingplatform30degreesabouttheanterioposterioraxis.2.Orientthetransducerintheverticalpositionandrotate10degreescounterclockwisewiththenotchpointedtowardtheposteriorofthemouse.3.Next,whileinthetwo-dimensionalviewing/videoB-mode,lowerthetransducerovertheleftparasternallineuntiltheheartcomesintoview.Oncethepulmonaryarterycomesintoview,collectimagesandstorethem.4.StillinB-mode,movethetransducerleftorrightuntiltheaorticoutflowandapexcomeintoview.Somerotationoftheprobemaybenecessarytoensureproperalignmentwiththelongaxisoftheheart.5.Usevideocapturetoobtaindataforsubsequentanalysis.Minimizethefieldofviewtoensurethehighestframeratepossiblefordownstreamregionalstrainanalyses.Eachtimeavideoiscaptured,theprior100framesaresaved.6.SwitchtotheColorDopplermodebyselectingColorDoppler.AlthoughColorDopplerhasbeenavailableforover30yearsinhumans,thistechnologyhasonlyrecentlybeenpossibleinrodentultrasound.7.Toquicklymonitorthedirectionandvelocityofbloodflow,theDopplerwindowoverlaydigitizestheflowfromred,indicatingflowtowardtheprobe,toblue,indicatingflowawayfromtheprobe.Acquirenecessaryimagesbyimagecapture.8.OnceallColorDopplerdatahasbeenobtained,switchtheinstrumenttoPulse-WaveDopplerMode,theone-dimensionalviewusedtodigitallyassessbloodflowdirectionandvelocityovertime.9.Movetheprobeslightlytowardtheheadofthemouseuntilthepulmonaryarterycomesintoview.Inthecontextofheartfailure,PW/ColorDopplermeasurementsofthepulmonaryarterycanbeusedasasurrogateforrightheartfunction.Captureimagesasdesired.2。左胸骨旁长轴1.一旦鼠标已经准备成像，左侧倾斜的平台，对anterioposterior轴30度旋转的动物处理平台。2.东方的垂直位置传感器和旋转10度逆时针的缺口对准鼠标后。3.下一步，而在二维观看/视频“B模式”，降低左胸骨旁线传感器，直到心脏映入眼帘。一旦肺动脉映入眼帘，采集图像，并将其储存。4.不过在B模式下，移动传感器的左或右，直到主动脉流出和Apex映入眼帘。一些可能是必要的，以确保正确对齐的心脏长轴旋转探头。5.使用视频采集，以供后续分析获得的数据。昀小化的视野，以确保昀高的帧速率可能对下游区域应变分析。每个视频捕获时，前100帧将被保存。6.切换选择“彩色多普勒彩色多普勒模式。”虽然彩色多普勒已超过30年在人类的，这项技术昀近才得以在啮齿类动物超声。7.快速监视的方向和血流速度，多普勒窗口覆盖的数字化从红色的流量，流向探头，蓝色表示，说明流量远离探头。获得必要的图像，通过图像采集。8.已获得，一旦所有的彩色多普勒数据，仪器开关脉冲波多普勒模式下，一维的观点，用于数字评估血流方向和速度随着时间的推移。9.走向探针头鼠标稍微直到肺动脉映入眼帘。在心力衰竭的情况下，PW/彩色多普勒测量肺动脉可作为右心功能的替代品。捕捉所需的图像。3.Leftmid-papillaryshortaxis1.Short-axisechocardiographyprovidesaviewoftheentireleftventriclecontractinginaconcentricfashion,andallowsforaccurateB-andM-modebasedassessmentofcardiacfunctiona