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I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(2.5%×10=25%)1、Asmodernlinguisticsaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,andnottolaydownrulesforcorrectlinguisticbehavior,itissaidtobe___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Ofallthespeechorgans,the___is/arethemostflexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocalcords3、Themorphemevisioninthecommonwordtelevisionisa(n)___.A、boundmorphemeB、boundformC、inflectionalmorphemeD、freemorpheme4、A___intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator主从连词5、CanIborrowyourbike?___Youhaveabike.A、issynonymouswithB、isinconsistentwithC、entailsD、presupposes6、Thebranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowcontextinfluencesthewayspeakersinterpretsentencesiscalled___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammaticalchangesmaybeexplained,inpart,asanalogicchanges,whichare___orgeneralization泛化.A、elaborationB、simplification精简C、externalborrowingD、internalborrowing8、___referstoamarginallanguageoffewlexicalitemsandstraightforwardgrammaticalrules,usedasamediumofcommunication.A、Linguafranca通用语B、CreoleC、PidginD、Standardlanguage标准语言9、Psychologists,neurologistsandlinguistshaveconcludedthat,inadditiontothemotorareawhichisresponsibleforphysicalarticulationofutterances,threeareasoftheleftbrainarevitaltolanguage,namely,___.A、Broca'sarea,Wernicke'sareaandtheangulargyrus角回B、Broca'sarea,Wernicke'sareaandcerebralcortexC、Broca'sarea,Wernicke'sareaandneuronsD、Broca'sarea,Wernicke'sareaandExner'sarea10、AccordingtoKrashen,___referstothegradualandsubconciousdevelopmentofabilityinthefirstlanguagebyusingitnaturallyindailycommunicativesituations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisitionII.Shortanswerquestions(15%x3=45%)1.whatfeaturesoflanguagedoyouthinkshouldbeincludedinagood,comprehensivedefinitionoflanguage?Languageisarule-governedsystem.Languageisbasicallyvocal.Languageisarbitrary.Languageisusedforhumancommunication.2.whatarethemajorindividualfactorsforSLA?Theacquisitionofasecondlanguageisdependentonacombinationoffactors.therateandultimatesuccessinSLAarealsoaffectedbyindividuallearnerfactors.(1)Theearlyyearsofone’slifebeforepuberty;(2)Theymusthavestrongmotivation,instrumentalorintegrative;(3)TheextenttowhichlearnersdifferintheprocessofadaptingtothenewcultureoftheL2community,thatis,acculturation.(4)Learner’spersonality.3.Statebrieflyyourunderstandingofthedifferencesbetweenthetermacquisitionandthetermlearninginlanguageacquisitionstudy?⑴ThedistinctionbetweenacquisitionandlearningwasproposedbytheAmericanSLAscholarStephenKrashenontheassumptionthattheyaredifferentprocesses.⑵Acquisitionreferstothegradualandsubconsciousdevelopmentofabilityinthefirstlanguagebyusingitnaturallyindailycommunicativesituations.⑶Learningisdefinedasaconsciousprocessofaccumulatingknowledgeofasecondlanguageusuallyobtainedinschoolsettings.⑷It’srecognizedthatchildrenacquiredtheirnativelanguagewithoutexplicitlearning,whichasecondlanguageismorecommonlylearnedbuttosomedegreemayalsobeacquired,dependingontheenvironmentalsettingandtheinputreceivedbytheL2learner.⑸Arulecanbelearnedbeforeitisinternalized(i.e.acquired),buthavinglearnedaruledoesnotnecessarilyprecludehavingtoacquireitlaterIII.TextAnalysis(10%x3=30%)Readthefollowingpassageandanswerthequestionsinyouranswersheet.Aboutoneofman’sfrailtiesThomasWolfewrote,“hetalksofthefutureandhewastesitasitcomes.”ThisobservationisrelatedtoaprinciplebywhichItry(withoutalwayssucceeding)tolive.Ibelieveinlivinginthepresentbecauseitisfutiletodwellonthepast,toworryaboutthefuture,ortomissanythingintheonlyrealityIknow.Itisfutiletodwellonthepast.Whatexistedorhappenedinthepastmayhavebeenbeautifulorexcitingandmaynowbringprofoundandpreciousmemories;butthepastisdead,anditisnothealthyforlivingspiritstolingeroveraworldinhabitedbyghosts.Thepastmayalsobeaplaceofhorror,ofregret,ofspilledmilk,ofunfortunatedeedsthat“cannotbeundone,”ofsadwordslike“mighthavebeen.”However,itispainfulandpointlesstofixateonaperiodthatcannotberelivedorrepaired.Itisunproductiveself-punishment.Thepastmustbekeptinitsplace,outlivedandoutgrown.Itisalsouselesstoworryaboutthefuture.Whyflytoheavenbeforeitistime?Whatanxiousvisionshauntthepersonwhothinkstoomuchaboutthefuture?Hemayenvisionthehorriblemushroomcloud;theearthshrivelingfromradiation;theoverpopulated,abusedearthgonedead.Hemayimaginehisownlifegoingawry,appointmentsmissed;advancementsgiventosomeoneelse;hishouseburnedtotheground;hislovelost;everythinginhislifeasinanightmare,slippingawayfromhim.Thereisnoendtothedisastersapersoncanworryaboutwhenhefocusesanxiouslyonthefuture.Thereareeventsinhisfuture,includinghisowndemise,overwhichhehaslittleornocontrol,buthecanruinhislifeworryingaboutthem.Therearesomedisastershemaybeabletoprevent,buthemustdothatbylivingwellinthepresent,notsimplybyworryingaboutthefuture.Thepresentmoment,whichisevennowmovingintothepast,istherealityIknow,andIdon'twanttomis