一、英译汉,汉译英PartA1从前有一个人,他有一个梦。他梦到一片和平与和谐的土地。他梦到一个不以肤色评判人的地方。他梦到一个国家,在那里不同种族的孩子们在一起玩。他梦到一个国家,在那里所有的人都是平等的。有些人不喜欢他的梦,他们说这个梦永远不会实现。有些人则对他的梦喝彩,他们想实现这个梦。对一些人而言,这个崇高的理想已经实现,而对另一些人而言,还只是一个幻想.这个人,马丁·路德·金博士,在1963年的一篇有名的演讲“我有一个梦”中表达了他的理想。其实这个根植于“美国梦”的理想,并不是个完全新奇的主张。从一开始,这个由移民所组成的国家,使欢迎渴望自由和追求生活新起点的人的到来。但不同种族的到来同时也造成了紧张的气氛。PartA1(答案)Onceamanhadadream,hedreamedofalandofpeaceandharmony.Hedreamedofaplacewherepeoplewerenotjudgedbytheirskincolor.Hedreamedofacountrywherechildrenofdifferentracescouldplaytogether.Hedreamedofanationwhereallpeoplewereequal.Somepeopledidn’tlikehisdream.Theysaiditwouldneverhappen.Somepeopleapplaudedhisdream.Theywantedtomakeithappen.Thisnoblevisionhascometrueforsome.Forothers,it’sstilljustafantasy.In1963,thisman,Dr.MartinLutherKingJr.,expressedhisvisioninthefamousspeech,IHaveaDream.Butthedream———rootedintheAmericanDream———wasn’treallynew.Fromthebeginning,thisnationofimmigrantswelcomedpeopledesiringfreedomandanewstart.However,thecomingtogetherofdifferentracesandethnicgroupscreatedsometensions.PartB1TheUnitedStatesiscurrentlyshiftingfrombeinganationofimmigrantsOfmainlyEuropeandescenttooneofimmigrantsfromotherpartsoftheworld,suchasAsiaandLatinAmerica.Thenumberofrecentimmigrantshasskyrocketed.theydesiretoescapeeconomichardshipintheirnativecountriesaswellasseekabettereducationandamoreprosperouslifeinAmerica.thelandofopportunity.AlthoughtherearefrequentconflictsbetweentheculturestheyhavebroughtwiththemfromtheoldcountryandthosefoundinAmerica,mostimmigrantslearntoadjusttoandlovetheiradoptedland.Americanshavealsolearnedmuchfromthecustomsandideasoftheimmigrantsandareofteninfluencedbytheminsubtleandinterestingways.Immigrantsbringtheirnativecultural,political,andsocialpatternsandattitudes,variedacademicandreligiousbackgrounds,aswellastheirethnicarts,sports,holidays,festivals,andfoods.TheyhavegreatlyenrichedAmericanlife.Forimmigrantsfromallpartsoftheworld,theUnitedStateshasbeenameltingpotinwhichtheforeignershavesometimesremainedculturallyandlinguisticallywhattheywereintheirnativelands,evenastheymovetowardbecomingcitizensoftheUnitedStates,acountrywhosepeopleshareacommonculturaloutlookandsetofvalues.Themeltingpotdoesnotmeltawayallrecollectionsofanotherwayoflifeinotherplace———norshouldit.Onthecontrary,immigrantsshouldmaintainthelanguages,skills,religions,customsandartsoftheirownheritage,evenwhiletheyareworkingtowardsenteringthemainstreamofAmericanculture.PartB1(答案)目前,美国正在从一个主要由欧洲移民构成的国家向来自世界各地(如亚洲、拉丁美洲)的移民构成的国家转变,其移民数量骤增。这些移民渴望摆脱本国的经济困境,希望到美国这个充满机遇的国家寻求更好的受教育的机会和更富足的生活。尽管他们带来的本国文化与美国本土文化时有冲突,但大多数移民都学会了如何适应并热爱这片收养他们的土地。美国人从移民的习俗和观点中也学到了许多东西,其生活的各个方面都受到了移民的影响,这种影响常常是潜移默化、妙趣横生的。而移民不仅带来了本土在文化、政治和社会生活方面的模式和态度、不同的学术和宗教背景,同时也带来了各民族独特的艺术、体育、节假日和食品等等。他们极大地丰富了美国人的生活.对于来自世界各地的移民而言,美国成为了一个“大熔炉”————他们逐渐成为美国公民,与其他美国人同享一套文化价值观,与此同时,这些移民有时还保留了本国的文化和语言。大熔炉并不会将移民们在本国生活的记忆完全抹去————本来也不该如此。相反地,在融入美国主流文化的同时,移民们仍然应该保留语言、技能、宗教、习俗和艺术等方面的民族遗产.PartA2:按照查尔斯·达尔文的理论,自然选择依据四个原则。第一,繁殖是在自然环境内发生的。第二,一个物种的基因,即包含个体特征的生命基本单位,要传给后代。这些基因具有一定程度的随机可变性;也就是说,将不同的特征分散到一个物种的各个成员。第三,由于一个物种的成员具有不同的特征,一些成员在自然环境中的生存机会比其他成员多一些,把遗传特征传给下一代的机会也多一些。第四,世世代代以来,在自然环境中帮助生存的那些遗传特征往往会在一个物种中变成共同的特征,而不曾帮助生存的那些遗传特征往往会消失。PartA2(答案):AccordingtoCharlesDarwin,naturalselectionisbasedonfourprinciples.First,reproductionoccurswithinanaturalenvironment.Second,thegenesofaspecies,thebasicunitsoflifethatcontaintheindividual'straits,arepassedontooffspring.Thesegeneshaveadegreeofrandomvariability;thatis,differentcharacteristicsaredistributedamongthemembersofaspecies.Third,becausethemembersofaspeciespossessdifferentcharacteristics,somemembershaveabetterchanceofsurvivinginthenaturalenvironmentthandoothers————andofpassingtheirparticulargenetictraitstothenextgeneration.Fourth,overthousandsofgeneration,thosegenetictraitsthataidsurvivalinthenaturalenvironmenttendtobecomecommoninaspecies,whilethosethatdonottendtodisappear.PartB2:WiththepublicationofOntheOriginofSpeciesbyMeansofNaturalSelection,CharlesDarwinin1859showedconclusivelythatspeciesevolvedandwerenotimmutableovertime.ThisrevolutionaryideapermittedanexplanationofthefossilrecordthatdidnotneedtoinvoketheBiblicalstoryoftheFloodortheviewthatallextinctanimalsandplantshadperishedasaresultofthisglobalcatastrophe.Itbecamepossibletocomparemodernandfossilanimalsandtoconstructlineagesthroughtimethatdocumentedthechangesthathadoccurred,andthedistributionoffossilformsbegantotakeonnewsignificance.Itbecameapparentthatassemblagesoffossilsbetrayclimaticpreferencesatanygiventimeandclimaticchangethroughtime.Another12yearselapsedbeforeDarwinappliedhastheoryofevolution————anditsmechanism,naturalselectionactinguponapoolOfnormalbiologicalvariation————tothecaseofman;thedelaymorelikelywasbecauseoflackoffossilevidencethanlackofcourage.Theso-calledDarwiniantautology,Thesurvivalofthefittestisthesurvivalofthosebestfittedtosurvive,givesaninsightintotheadaptationsoflivingorganismsthatleadtoanincreaseintheirchancesofsurvivalandofleavingmoreoffspringthantheirrivals.Theclosertheadaptationtotheenvironment,thegreaterthechancesofsurvival.Thispathwayleadstospecialization:fishnee