第四章-语篇形式

FormsofDiscourse1.Byform(按形态划分）AccordingtotheformofNews,theycanberoughlydividedintothreecategories:(1)消息报道(NewsReporting)(2)特写文章(featurearticlesorfeature)(3)新闻评论(OpinionwritingorNewsComments)2.Bycontent(按内容划分）1.politicalnews2.economicnews3.technologicalnews4.culturalnews5.sportsnews6.violenceandcrimenews7.disasternews8.weathernews9.entertainmentandmiscellanies3.Byeventproperty（按事件性质划分）1.hardnews(orspotnews/straightnews,硬新闻或纯消息报道):newsreportedimmediately,straightlyandobjectivelythatdealwithserioustopicsorevents,suchasthepoliticalnews,economicnewsandinternationalissues,whichareusuallyinvolvedwithinvertedpyramidform.新鲜、题材较严肃，事实报道客观2.：socialnewsnotdealingwithserioustopicsoreventswithmorebackgroundinformationorhuman-interest(人情味),whichareusuallyinvolvedwithpyramidform.轻松的社会新闻highnews：财经、政治方面新闻,lownews：通俗的社会新闻见：P48Pyramid一、消息（News）（1）definition：以简要的文字迅速报道新闻事实，是最基本、最广泛、最经常采用的新闻体裁。Newsinbriefwordsisinformationaboutarecentlychangedsituationorarecentevent,whichisthemostbasicly,widely-and–frequently-employedtypeofreporting（2）composition：News:headline（标题）,lead（导语）,body（正文）North;East;West;South(3)基本结构（basicstructure）1.倒金字塔结构（invertedpyramidform），也称“倒叙法”（flash-back）2.金字塔结构（pyramidform）,也称“编年史结构”（chronologicalstyle）1.倒金字塔结构（invertedpyramidform）SummaryLead(5Wsand1H)Fact-1Fact-2Fact-3…Fact-nEventsinDescendingorderofimportance最重要、新鲜，回答人们普遍关心的问题略微次要补充细节最次要Q1:What‘stherelationshipbetweentheheadline,theleadandtheNews?Q2:Whatarecontainedintheleadofnews?Aleadisthefirstparagraphofanewsstory.Itisaninformation-pactsentencethatexpandstheheadlineofthenews.Itisalsoakindofmini-news,thesummaryofthemainstoryofthewholenews.(导语是消息的概括，而标题又是导语的概括)Lead(导语）:paragraphone(generally)Function：1.简要文字反映消息要点2.引出、阐述、解释该主题的新闻主题3.唤起读者注意，吸引读者阅读Characteristics：Basedontheprincipleofreality,leadshouldbeconcise,lively,attractive,andinformativeSixelements（六要素）:who,what,when,where,whyandhow说明：新闻报道现在仍采用倒金字塔结构为主，但不一定在导语中全部都包括五个W和一个H，或许只有三个或四个W，另外的出现在下面段落中。USMarines，launchingadaylighthelicopteroperationfromshipsoffshore，rescued59AmericansonSundayfromtheLiberiancapitalofMonroviatoprotectthemfromwhattheWhiteHousesaidwasimminentdangerinthatwartornnation．———InternationalHeraldTribuneWho:What:When:Where:Why:How:USMarinesrescued59Americans；onSundaytheLiberiancapitalofMonrovia利比里亚首都蒙罗维亚toprotectthem（fromwhattheWhiteHouseSaidwasimminentdangerinthatwartornnation）launchingadaylighthelicopteroperation文章的其余段落都是第一段的延伸和扩展，实际上起到了解释和深化导语的作用。若无暇阅读，只要浏览第一段便可掌握事件的轮廓。LONDON—GuardianeditorAlanRusbridgeronTuesdayvigorouslydefendedhisdecisiontopublishaseriesofarticlesbasedonthesecretfilesleakedbyformerNationalSecurityAgencycontractorEdwardSnowden,tellingaparliamentarycommitteethattherighttocontinuepursuingthestorygoestotheheartofpressfreedomsanddemocracyinBritain.(5Ws&1H?)Who:GuardianeditorAlanRubridgerWhat:defendedhisdecisiontopublishaseriesofarticlesWhen:onTuesdayWhy:becausethosearticlesarebasedonthesecretfilesleakedbyformerNSAcontractorEdwardSnowdenWhere:How:bytellingaparliamentarycommitteethattherighttopursuethestorygoestotheheartofpressfreedomsanddemocracyExample2:P45NAJING—AYak-42airlinercarrying116passengersand10crewmemberscrashedontakeofffromtheNanjingAirportinEastChinayesterdayat15:06(Beijingtime).Sofar,100peopleonboardaredeadand26injuredWho:What:When:Where:Why:How:SummaryLeadWHO---WHAT---WHEN---WHERE---WHY---HOW---116passengersand10crewmembersAYak-42airlinercrashedontakeoff;100peopleonboardaredeadand26injured.yesterdayat15:06(Beijingtime)NanjingAirportinEastChinanotmentionedontakeoff3.TheIsraeliDefenseMinisterMosheYa'alonhasexpressedregretforthedeathofaPalestiniangovernmentministerZiadAbuEinfollowingaconfrontationwithIsraeliforces.MrYa'alonsaidtheincidentintheWestBankhasbeeninvestigated.PicturesshowanIsraeliborderpolicemanholdingtheministerbythethroat.MrAbuEinspoketoreportersthemomentbeforehecollapsed.2014-12-12(fromBBC)Who:What:Why:How:Where:When:Ya'alonhasexpressedregretforthedeathofZiadAbuEinIsraeliDefenseMinisterMosheYa'alon,PalestiniangovernmentministerZiadAbuEinaconfrontationwithIsraeliforcesanIsraeliborderpolicemanheldtheministerbythethroatintheWestBankwhenMrAbuEinspoketoreportersPalestinianminister'sdeathcondemnedaroundtheworldAbuEinwasahigh-rankingPalestineLiberationOrganization,orPLO,official,whoseportfoliowasequivalenttothatofagovernmentminister.HewasalsoinchargeoftheIsraelisettlementsissueinthePLO.Thecauseofhisdeathremainsamatterofdispute.Palestinianofficialssaiditwastheresultofbeatingandteargas-inducedsuffocationwhereastheIsraeliofficialsclaimhesufferedfromcoronaryarteryblockage.冠状动脉堵塞Sydneycafesiegeends;3dead,includinggunmanSource:AP|December16,2014,Thedeadlysiegebeganinthemostincongruousofways,onasunnyMondaymorninginsideacheerfulcafeintheheartofAustralia'slargestcity.AnIranian-borngunmanburstin,took17peoplehostage,andforcedsometoholdaflagwithanIslamicdeclarationoffaithabovetheshopwindow'sfestiveinscriptionofMerryChristmas.(thelead)Who:What:When:WhereWhy:howagunmanand17hostagesThedeadlysiegebeganMondaymorninginsideacafeinth