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DiogenesandAlexanderDiogenesandAlexander第欧根尼和亚历山大AbouttheAuthorGilbertArthurHighet(June22,1906–January20,1978)wasaScottish-Americanclassicist,academic,writer,criticandliteraryhistorian.BorninScotland,heisbestknownasamid-20th-centuryteacherofthehumanitiesintheUnitedStates.Highetdevotedmostofhisenergytoteaching,buthealsoaspiredtoraisethelevelofmasscultureandachievedbroaderinfluencebypublishingessaysandbooks.(left)Alexander;(right)DiogenesDiogenesNothingisknownabouthislife,buthissurvivingLivesandOpinionsofEminentPhilosophers（《名哲言行录》）isaprincipalsourceforthehistoryofGreekphilosophy.Hethoughtthatallshouldlivenatually,forwhatisnaturalisnormalandcannotpossiblybeevilorshameful.Livewithoutconventions,whichareartificialandfalse:escapecomplexitiesandextravagances(奢侈):onlysocanyouliveafreelife.Accordingtoapopularstory,DiogeneswalkedthroughAthensinbroaddaylightcarryingalightedlamp,sayingthathewaslookingforanhonestman.OnanotheroccasionDiogenesissaidtohavehadaninterviewwithAlexandertheGreat,whoopenedtheconversationwith“IamAlexandertheGreat.”Heanswered,“AndIamDiogenestheCynic.”Alexanderthenaskedhiminwhatwayhecouldservehim.“Youcanstepoutofmysunlight.”Diogenesreplied.AlexanderissaidtohavebeensostruckwiththeCynic’sself-possessionthathewentawayremarking,“IfIwerenotAlexander,IshouldwishtobeDiogenes.”DiogenesandAlexander人物思想他认为除了自然的需要必须满足外，其他的任何东西，包括社会生活和文化生活，都是不自然的、无足轻重的。他强调禁欲主义的自我满足，鼓励放弃舒适环境。作为一个苦行主义的身体力行者，他居住在一只木桶内，过着乞丐一样的生活。每天白天他都会打着灯笼在街上“寻找诚实的人”。第欧根尼揭露大多数传统的标准和信条的虚伪性，号召人们回复简朴自然的理想状态生活。后来他师承苏格拉底的弟子安提斯泰尼，以身作则发扬了老师的“犬儒哲学”，试图颠覆一切传统价值。他从不介意别人称呼他为“狗”，他甚至高呼“像狗一样活着”。人们把他们的哲学叫做“犬儒主义”（Cynicism）。他的哲学思想为古希腊崇尚简朴的生活理想奠定了基础。归到他名下但现已失传的各种著作中，有对话、戏剧和一部《共和国》，该书描绘无政府主义者的乌托邦，人们在其中过着“自然”的生活。第欧根尼PlatoPlato(428/427BC[a]–348/347BC)wasaphilosopherinClassicalGreece.Hewasalsoamathematician,studentofSocrates（苏格拉底）,andfounderoftheAcademyinAthens,thefirstinstitutionofhigherlearningintheWesternworld.Alongwithhismentor,Socrates,andhisstudent,Aristotle,PlatohelpedtolaythefoundationsofWesternphilosophyandscience.AristotleAristotle(384BC–322BC)wasaGreekphilosopherandpolymath(博学的人),astudentofPlatoandteacherofAlexandertheGreat.Hiswritingscovermanysubjects,includingphysics,metaphysics(形而上学),poetry,theater,music,logic,rhetoric(修辞学),linguistics(语言学),politics,government,ethics(伦理学),biology,andzoology.TogetherwithPlatoandSocrates(Plato'steacher),AristotleisoneofthemostimportantfoundingfiguresinWesternphilosophy.Aristotle'swritingswerethefirsttocreateacomprehensivesystemofWesternphilosophy,encompassingethics,aesthetics,logic,science,politics,andmetaphysics.AlexandertheGreatwas(bornonJuly20,356B.C.,inPella,)kingofMacedonia.Duringhisleadership,from336to323B.C.,heunitedtheGreekcity-statesandledtheCorinthianLeague.HealsobecamethekingofPersia(波斯),Babylon(巴比伦)andAsia,andcreatedMacedoniancoloniesinIran.WhileconsideringtheconquestsofCarthageandRome,AlexanderdiedofmalariainBabylon,Persia(nowIran),onJune13,323B.CAlexandertheGreatHelearnedthebestofGreekculture.Forexample,AristotletaughtAlexanderpoetry;philosophyandusesofpoliticalpower;theprinciplesofscientificresearch.Indeed,itwasfromAristotlethatAlexanderlearnedtoseekouteverythingstrangewhichmightbeinstructive.Also,helearnedgenerosityfromAristotle.TheIliadisanancientGreekepicpoemwrittenbyHomerthattellsthestoryofthTrojanWar,saidtohabebeenfoughtbetweentheGreeksandtheTrojansbecausetheTrojanprinceParishadcarriedoffHelen,wifeoftheGreekking.ThewarwaswonbyatrickinwhichGreeksoldiers,hiddeninsideawoodenhorse,weretakenintoTroybytheTrojanswhothoughtthatthehorsewasagiftfromGod.荷马史诗《伊利亚特》（希腊语：Ιλιάς，转写：Iliás）又译《伊利昂纪》（取自书名“伊利昂城下的故事”之意），是古希腊诗人荷马的叙事史诗。是重要的古希腊文学作品，与《奥德赛》同为西方的经典之一。根据有荷马史诗人物图像的花瓶生产时期、其他引用此诗的希腊诗歌撰写日子推断，本史诗应大约完成于公元前750或725年。TheIliad不和女神埃里斯采了一只金苹果，并写上“给最美丽的女神”,赫拉、雅典娜及阿芙罗狄忒三个女神都认为苹果是给自己的，宙斯拒绝作裁判，于是三人带着苹果找特洛伊国王的英俊儿子帕里斯作裁决。三个女神都以奖品诱惑他，赫拉答应给他至高无上的权力，雅典娜给他最聪明的头脑，而阿芙罗狄忒则给他世上最漂亮的女子海伦作妻，帕里斯把金苹果交了给阿芙罗狄忒，他成了阿芙罗狄忒的宠儿，而赫拉及雅典娜决心毁灭特洛伊人。因为妻子和财宝被夺，墨涅依斯召集众多英雄，围城十年，眼看希腊就要被特洛伊打败。在最后关头，他们想出了木马屠城这一招，反败为胜。海伦也被墨涅依斯带回了希腊。特洛伊战争就此结束。InGreekmythology,AchilleswasaGreekherooftheTrojanWarandthecentralcharacterandgreatestwarriorofHomer'sIliad.Achilles’mostnotablefeatduringtheTrojanWarwastheslaying(杀戮)oftheTrojanheroHectoroutsidethegatesofTroy.Achilleswasinvulnerableinallofhisbodyexceptforhisheel.Becauseofhisdeathfromasmallwoundintheheel,thetermAchilles‘heelhascometomeanaperson’spointofweakness.阿喀琉斯：荷马史诗《伊利亚特》中的英雄Achilles因为他的死亡从一个小伤口在脚后跟,术语阿基里斯的脚跟将意味着一个人的弱点。•HerculesistheRomannameforGreekdemigod(半神)sonofZeus(宙斯)andthemortalAlcmene(阿尔克墨涅).•HeisoneofthemostgreatheroesinGreece.Herculesisfamousforhisstrengthandforhisnumerousfar-rangingadventures.主神宙斯（Zeus）与阿尔克墨涅（Alcmene）之子，因其出身而受到宙斯的妻子赫拉的憎恶，后来他完成了12项被誉为“不可能完成”的伟绩，除此之外他还解救了被缚的普罗米修斯，隐藏身份参加了伊阿宋的英雄冒险队并协助他取得金羊毛。他死后灵魂升入天界，众神在商议之后认同了他的伟业，他和父亲一样被招为神并成为了星座。HerculesLesson10–DiogenesandAlexanderStructureofthetextPartOne(para.1-10)DescriptionofDiogenesasabeggar,aphilosopherandamissionary,hislifestyleanddoctrine:Cynicism.PartTwo(para.11-12)DescriptionofAlexandertheConqueror,whowasthegreatestmanofthetime.PartThree(para.13-17)Thedr