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Fossilenergyandnuclearenergyareconsiderednonrenewableenergytypes.Nonrenewableenergyisobtainedfromsourcesataratethatexceedstherateatwhichthesourcesarereplenished.Forexample,ifthebiogenicoriginoffossilfuelsiscorrect,wecouldconsiderfossilfuelsrenewableoveraperiodofmillionsofyears,buttheexistingstoreoffossilfuelsisbeingconsumedoveraperiodofcenturies.Becauseweareconsumingfossilfuelsataratethatexceedstherateofreplenishment,weconsiderfossilfuelsnonrenewable.Similarcommentsapplytonuclearfuelssuchasuranium,asweobserveinlaterchapters.Solarenergyisconsideredarenewableenergyforthefollowingreasons.1Renewableenergyisenergyobtainedfromsourcesataratethatislessthanorequaltotherateatwhichthesourceisreplenished.Inthecaseofsolarenergy,wecanuseonlytheamountofenergyprovidedbythesun.Becausetheremaininglifetimeofthesunismeasuredinmillionsofyears,manypeopleconsidersolarenergyaninexhaustiblesupplyofenergy.Infact,solarenergyfromthesunisfinite,butshouldbeavailableforusebymanygenerationsofpeople.Solarenergyisthereforeconsideredrenewable.Energysourcesthatareassociatedwithsolarenergy,suchaswindandbiomass,arealsoconsideredrenewable.Solarradiationmaybeconvertedtootherformsofenergybyseveralconversionprocesses.Thermalconversionreliesontheabsorptionofsolarenergytoheatacoolsurface.Biologicalconversionofsolarenergyreliesonphotosynthesis.Photovoltaicconversiongenerateselectricalpowerbythegenerationofanelectricalcurrentasaresultofaquantummechanicalprocess.Windpowerandoceanenergyconversionrelyonatmosphericpressuregradientsandoceanictemperaturegradientstogenerateelectricalpower.Inthischapterwefocusonthermalconversion.Wefirstdiscussthesourceofavailablesolarenergy,andthenconsidersolarenergytechnologyintwoofitsthreeforms:passivesolar,andactivesolar.Thethirdformofsolarenergy,solarelectric,isdiscussedinthenextchapter.Weendthischapterwithadiscussionofsolarpowerplants.化石能源和核能被认为是不可再生的能源类型。不可再生能源的来源获得的速度超过了在它的来源补充率。例如，如果化石燃料的生物起源是正确的，我们可以考虑化石燃料的可再生超过万年的时期，但现有的化石燃料被储存在一个世纪内消耗掉。因为我们的速度超过了化石燃料的消耗补充率，我们认为不可再生的化石燃料。类似的评论适用于如铀核燃料，正如我们在后面的章节中观察。太阳能被认为是以下reasons.1可再生能源可再生能源是能源的来源获得的速度，小于或等于在哪个源补充率。在太阳能的情况下，我们只能使用的能源量由太阳提供的。由于太阳的剩余寿命是在数百万年来衡量，很多人认为太阳能取之不尽，用之不竭的能源供应。事实上，来自太阳的能量是有限的，但应该是多少代的人所使用。因此，我们认为太阳能是可再生能源。能源是太阳能与风能，生物质能等，相关的来源，也被认为是可再生的。太阳辐射会被转化为其他能源形式的转换过程中的几个。热转换依赖于太阳能加热冷却表面吸收。太阳能生物转化依赖于光合作用。由光电转换产生的电流作为一个量子力学过程的结果产生电力。风力发电和海洋能源转换依靠大气压力梯度和温度梯度对海洋产生电力。在这一章中，我们重点对热conversion.We首先讨论可用太阳能源，然后考虑在其三种形式两个太阳能技术：被动式太阳能，太阳能和主动。太阳能的第三种形式，太阳能发电，是在下一章讨论。最后我们这个太阳能发电站的讨论一章。Fossilfuelsinthepetroleumandnaturalgasistheworld'smajorone-timeenergyWorldEnergyCouncil,accordingtostatistics,hasprovenoilandgasrecoverablereserves,accordingtotheoutputofcountriesin1992terms,respectively,onlytheexploitationof44yearsand60years;althoughtheymayberecoverablereservestherewillbenewdiscoveries,butalsothegrowthneedsofthecommunity,especiallytakingintoaccounttheeconomicdevelopmentofThirdWorldcountries,theexploitationofoilandgasfuelforalongtime.Infossilfuels,althoughthemostabundantcoalreserves,buttheseriouspollutioncausedbycoal-firedsothatitcannotbecomelargethemajorsourceofenergyworldwide.Ontheotherhand,nuclearfusionreactionscanprovidecleanenergy,intheoceancontainsabout42trilliontonsofthemajornuclearfusionofdeuterium-reactivesubstances;fusionreactorbutitisverydifficulttostudy,itisestimatedthatthenextcenturytothelatenuclearpolysubstationbepossibletoachievewidespreadcommercialization.Therefore,inthe21stcentury,theprospectsforenergy,youmayhavetofacethedepletionofoilandgasresources,thecommercializationoffusionpowerfailureduringtheperiodoftemporaryshortageofsuchpeople.Duringthisperiodinordertoensuresufficienthumancleanenergysupply,useofsolarenergyforpowergenerationisaninevitablechoice.Solarenergyisthemostimportantrenewablesourcesofenergy,theplanetwithallkindsofenergyarecloselyrelated.Infact,thesuninEarth'sevolution,biologicalreproductionandhumandevelopment,playsaveryimportantrole,butalsoprovidesahumaninexhaustiblesourceofenergy.Solarinteriorongoingresponsetothereleaseofahigh-temperaturenuclearfusionpowerofabout3.8×1026wattsofhugeradiation,ofwhichonlyarrivedinregardtotheatmosphericlevel二十亿分之一;throughtheatmosphere,about30%reflected,23%beabsorbed,onlyhalf(approximately8×1016watts)ofenergyreachingtheearth'ssurface.Evenso,aslongastheycanmakeuseoftheveryfew,willbeabletomeetalltheneedsofhumanitytoday.However,duetoitslowenergydensity,butalsobythedayandnight,seasons,climate,locationandotherfactors,onthegroundbytheuseofsolarenergytopoweralotofconstraints.Inordertoavoidtheseshortcomings,naturaltoconsidertheuseofsolarpowerinspaceofthefeasibilityofthepossibility.Powergenerationin2010isexpectedtothepracticaluseofspaceSpaceSolarPoweristhefirstwayofEngineersfirstproposedbyP.Glaser.Thebasicideaisintheearth'souterspaceorthemoontoestablishabaseofsolarpowersatellites,andthenthroughthemicrowaveenergytransmittedtothescenetothereceivingdevice,andthenbeammicrowaveenergyintoelectricalenergyforhumanuse.Advantageofthisprogramistomakefulluseofsolarenergyoutsidetheatmosphere,theeliminationofsolarenergyintheground,changesinthedensit