第8章习题及参考答案8.1命名下列各化合物。(CH3)2CHCHOCH3CH2CCH(CH3)2O⑴⑵CHONO2COCH2CH3CH3OHHCHO⑶⑷⑸COCH2COCH3CH(OC2H5)2CH3CH2CH3⑹⑺解:(1)2-甲基丙醛;(2)2-甲基-3-戊酮;(3)对硝基苯甲醛;(4)1-苯基-1-丙酮;(5)(R)-2-羟基丙醛;(6)2,4-戊二酮;(7)1,1-二乙氧基丙烷(丙醛缩二乙醇)。8.2写出下列化合物的结构式。(1)异己醛;(2)3-苯基丙烯醛;(3)1,3-二苯基-2-丙酮;(4)2-乙基环戊酮;(5)α-氯-β'-溴丁酮;(6)2-己烯二醛;(7)乙基环戊基(甲)酮;(8)1,7,7-三甲基二环[2.2.1]-2-庚酮(樟脑)解:(CH3)2CHCH2CH2CHOCHCHCHO(1)(2)CH2CCH2OOC2H5(3)(4)OHCCH2CH2CHCHCHOClCH2CCH2CH2BrO(5)(6)CC2H5OO(7)(8)8.3写出丙醛与下列试剂反应的反应式。(1)C6H5MgBr,然后加H3O+(2)O2(3)OH-,H2O;然后加热(4)HOCH2-CH2OH+HCl(干)(5)LiAlH4;然后加H2O(6)Zn(Hg)-HCl(7)NH2OH解:(1)CH3CH2CHCH2CH3OHCH3CH2CHO+CH3CH2MgBr干醚H3O+(2)CH3CH2CHO+O2CH3CH2COOH2(3)CH3CH3CH2CHCCHOCH3CH2CHOOH(4)CH3CH2CHOOCH2CH2CH3CH2CHO+干ClHOHOHCH3CH2CH2OH(5)CH3CH2CHO+干醚LiAlH4OH2(6)CH3CH2CH3CH3CH2CHOZn-Hg,HCl(7)CH3CH2CH=NOHCH3CH2CHO+NH2OH8.4在下列表格中,分别用“+”和“—”表示可以发生和不能发生的反应。化合物代号碘仿反应饱和NaHSO3溶液银氨溶液2,4-二硝基苯肼康尼扎罗反应1HCHO2CH3CHO3CH3CH2CH2CHO4CH3COCH2CH35CHO6CH3CH2CH2OH7CH3CHOHCH2CH38O9CH3CH2COCH2CH310COCH311CHO12(CH3)3CCHO解:能发生碘仿反应的化合物:(2)、(4)、(7)、(10);能和饱和NaHSO3溶液反应的化合物:(1)、(2)、(3)、(4)、(5)、(8)、(11)、(12);能发生银镜反应的化合物:(1)、(2)、(3)、(5)、(11)、(12);能与2,4-二硝基苯肼反应的化合物:(1)、(2)、(3)、(4)、(5)、(8)、(9)、(10)、(11)、(12);能发生康尼扎罗反应的化合物:(1)、(11)、(12);8.5完成下列各反应式CH(OH)CH2CH3COCH2CH3HCNCH3CH3(A)(B)(1)(CH3)3CCHO(A)(B)浓NaOH+(2)CH3CCHCH3COCH3CHCl3(A)(B)(3)CHOKMnO4,H+CH3(4)CH3CH2CHOOH_稀2(5)OHNO3(6)CH2CHONaBH4(7)CH3CCHCH2OH2/Ni(8)2OONa2CO3,H2O(9)OH2NNH2,KOH乙二醇,(10)COCH2CH2COOHZn—Hg,浓HCl(11)OHCHOCH3OHCrO3H+H3O+(A)(B)(C)(12)+HCHOCa(OH)2+3CH3CHO50~60℃(13)(A)HCHOCa(OH)2(浓)(B)(C)解:KMnO4H2SO4CH3CH2CCNOHCH3(1)(A),;(B)(CH3)3CCH2OH(CH3)3CCOONa(2)(A)(B)HgSO4,OH2NaOH,Cl2(NaOCl)(3)(A)(B)(4)(A)COOHHOOC(5)(A)CH3CH2CHOHCHCHOCH3(6)CH2CH2COOHCH2CH2COOHCH2CH2OH(7)(8)(9)CH3CHCH2CH3OHOOHCH2CH2CH2COOH(11)(10)OHCH(OCH3)2(A)(B)(C)CH(OCH3)2OOCHO(12)(HOCH2)3CCHO(HOCH2)3CCH2OH(HOCH2)3CCOOH(A)(13)(B)(C)8.6把下列各组化合物按羰基亲核加成反应的活性大小排列成序:O(CH3)2CCC(CH3)2CH3CCH2CH3OCH3CHOCHO(1)A.B.C.D.CH3CCH2CH3OCCl3CCH2CH3OCHCl2CCH2CH3OCH3CCHOCH2(2)A.B.C.D.CHOCH3CHOCHONO2CHOOMeA.B.C.D.(3)(4)和OO解:(1)CDBA;(2)BCAD;(3)CABD;(4)OO8.7将下列化合物按其烯醇式的稳定性排列成序。CH3COCH2COOC2H5CH3COCH2COCH3CH3COCH2CH3CH3COCHCOCH3COCH3CH3COCHCOOC2H5COCH3(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)解:(3)(5)(2)(1)(4)8.8写出(S)-4羟基戊醛形成的环状半缩醛的立体构型,用R、S标记每个手性碳原子的构型。解:CH2CH2CHOCH3HHOH+HOHHCH3OOHHHCH3O+(S)-4-羟基戊醛(2S,5S)(2S,5R)8.9用化学方法区别下列各组化合物(1)戊醛、2-戊酮、3-戊酮和环戊酮;(2)苯乙醛、对甲基苯甲醛、苯乙酮和1-苯基-1-丙酮(3)2-己酮、环己酮和环己醇解:(1)CH3(CH2)3CHOCH3CCH2CH2CH3OCH3CH2CCH2CH3OAg××I2+NaOH××CHI3O×Tollens试剂饱和NaHSO3×OHSO3Na(2)Ag×I2+NaOH××CHI3×Tollens试剂CH2CHOCOCH3COCH2CH3CHOCH3AgFehling试剂Cu2O(3)I2+NaOH××CHI3CH3CHCH2CH2CH2CH3OHOHOH2NNHO2NNO2黄色×8.10用化学方法分离下列化合物。(1)苯酚、环己酮和苯乙酮(2)1-戊醇、戊醛和3-戊酮解:8.11(1)OCOCH3OHNaOHONaOCOCH3NaHSO3OHSO3NaCOCH3H+OOH2H+水层有机层沉淀饱和有机层(2)8.11下列反应的各步骤(独立来看)是否有错,如有,请指出错误之处。CH2CHOK2Cr2O7H2SO4CH2COOH(1)H2,NiCH2CHCH2OHK2Cr2O7CH2CHCHOBrHBrCH2CH2CHOBrCH2CH2CH2OHACB(2)ABCH3CCH2CH2ClOMgCH3CCH2CH2MgClOHCHOH+CH3CCH2CH2CH2OHO(3)K2Cr2O7ABBrCH2CH2OHCH3ONaCH3OCH2CH2OHCH3OCH2COOH(4)BrABCH2CH2CH2CHONaOHOHCH2CH2CH2CHOKMnO4HOOCCH2CH2CHO(5)解:(1)产物为COOH;(2)A步错,此氧化条件下,双键会被氧化;C步错,氢化时,溴将除去;(3)A步错,格氏试剂与羰基会发生反应;(4)A步错,反应的产物为环氧乙烷;(5)A步错,碱性条件下,α-H会发生缩合反应;B步错,氧化时,醛基也将被氧化成羧基。8.12写出下列反应的机理。(CH3)3CCHOOOHOCHC(CH3)2+(1)OCOCH3CH3K2CO3OOHCH3(2)(3)OHCCHCHCHOCH3OHOCH3OOCH3+H+解:(CH3)3CCHOOHOOOCHC(CH3)3O(1)OH2OCHC(CH3)3OHOCHC(CH3)3OH2OCOCH3CH3K2CO3OOHCH3OCOCH2CH3OOCH3OH2(2)(3)OHCCHCHCHOCH3OHH+OHCCHCHCOHH+HOCCHCHCOHHCH3OHHHOCCHCHCOHH+CH3O+HOOHOCH3+OH2OOCH3+CH3OHOH28.13以正丁醛为原料合成下列化合物(其他无机及有机试剂可任选)。CH3CH2CH2CHCHCHOC2H5OH(1)CH3CH2CH2CHCCH2OHC2H5(2)CH3CH2CH2CH2CHCH2OHCH3CH2CH2CHCHCH2OHC2H5C2H5OH(3)(4)解:CH3CH2CH2CHOHOCH3CH2CH2CHCHCHOOHC2H5(1)2OH2CH3CH2CH2CHCCHOC2H5NaBH4CH3CH2CH2CHCCH2OHC2H5(2)(1)的产物H2,NiCH3CH2CH2CH2CHCH2OHC2H5(3)(2)的产物CH3CH2CH2CHCHCH2OHOHC2H5NaBH4(4)(1)的产物OCH3OOCH3HOCH3OOCH3+H+8.14以环戊烷为原料合成下列化合物(其他无机及有机试剂可任选)。(3)(1)(2)CHOCH2(CH2CHO)2OCH3解:(1)HCHO①②H3O+Br2BrMg干醚CH2OHCrO3吡啶CHO(2)CH2(CH2CHO)2O3①②Zn/H3O+Br2BrNaOH/C2H5OH(3)①②Br2BrCH3OHCH3NaOH/H2OCuOCH3MgBrH3O+H+①②B2H6H2O2/NaOHCH3OHOCH3Cu8.15选择合适的醛和酮,通过羟醛缩合反应合成下列化合物。OOHCH3CHCHCCHOCH3CH3CH3OHCCH3CHCO(3)(1)(2)解:CH3CHCHOCH3COOCH3(3)(1)(2)8.16选择合适的格氏试剂和羰基化合物,合成下列醇。CH3CH2CH3CH3HOCH2CH2CHCH3CH3OHCOHOHCH3(3)(1)(2)(4)解:CH3CH2MgBrMgBrCH3CHOCH2CHOCH3MgBrCH3COCH3CH3CH2MgBrCH3COCH2CH3CH3MgBrOCH3MgBrHCHO(3)(1)(2)(4)++++或或++8.17用给定原料合成下列各化合物(其他无机及有机试剂可任选)。CH2CH2CH3CH2CH2CH2OH⑴OCH3CHCH2CH3CH2CH2CCH3CH3CCH3CH3CCH2CH2CH3+⑵CHCH2OH(3)ClCH2CH2CHOOOH(4)(5)COCH3CH3CCOCH3OHCH3解:CH2CH2OH2H3PO4CH3CH2OHKMnO4H2SO4CH3CHOCH3CHCHCHOH2,NiCH3CH2CH2CH2OH(1)+压力,稀碱△CH3CHCH2ClHCH3CHClCH3MgCH3CHMgClCH3CH2CH2CH2COCH3CHCCH2CH2CH3CH3CH3CH3OMgClOH2CHCCH2CH2CH3CH3CH3CH3OHH2SO4CHCCH2CH2CH3CH3CH3CH3OH2(2)无水乙醚△,CH2Cl2AlCl3CH2光Cl2Mg干醚CHMgClHCHO①②H3O+CHCH2OH(3)Mg干醚HCHO①②H3O+ClCH2CH2CHOCH3OHH+ClCH2CH2CH(OCH3)2HOCH2CH2CH2CHOH+OOH(4)Mg干醚COCH3CH3COCH3①②H3O+(5)Br2/FeBr3COCH3BrHOCH2CH2OH干ClHCCH3BrOOCH3CCOCH3OHCH38.18化合物A分子式是C6H12O,能与羟胺作用,但不起银镜反应,在铂的催化下加氢,得到一种醇B,B经脱水、臭氧化还原水解等反应后,得到两种液体C和D。C能起银镜反应,但不起碘仿反应;D能发生碘仿反应,但不起银镜反应。试推测A、B、C和D的结构,并写出有关的反应式。解:CH3CH3CH2CCHCH3OCH3CH3CH2CCHCH3OHCH3CH2CHOCH3CCH3OABCD(反应式略)8.19某化合物A分子式是C5H12O,具有光学活性,氧化后的分子式为C5H10O的化合物B,B没有光学活性。B能和苯肼反应,与