American-Civil-War美国内战英文简介

AmericanCivilWarCausesOfTheAmericanCivilWarTheSouth,whichwasknownastheConfederateStatesofAmerica,secededfromtheNorth,whichwasalsoknownastheUnion,formanydifferentreasons.Thereasontheywantedtosucceedwasbecausetherewasfourdecadesofgreatsectionalconflictbetweenthetwo.BetweentheNorthandSouththereweredeepeconomic,social,andpoliticaldifferences.TheSouthwantedtobecomeanindependentnation.ThereweremanyreasonswhytheSouthwantedtosucceedbutthemainreasonhadtodowiththeNorthsviewonslavery.AllofthiswasbasicallyadifferentinterpretationoftheUnitedStatesConstitutiononbothsides.IntheendallofthesedisagreementsonbothsidesledtotheCivilWar,inwhichtheNorthwon.Beforethecivilwar,theUnitedStatesismadeoffourareas:1.Northeast(theNewZealand)–thegrowthofindustrial,commercialandpopulationdensity;2.Northwest(Midwesttoday)freefarmersheredevelopedquickly,NorthwestOrdinancegrantherehasnoslavery;3.theUpperSouth-reclamationfarm,butpartofthereeconomicdeclined;4.Southwest-economiczoneofcottonarequicklydeveloped.在内战前夕，美国是由四个截然不同的区域组成的国家：•东北部（即今新英格兰）—成长中的工业与商业及相应之人口密度增长；•西北部（即今中西部Midwest）—自由农民于此迅速发展，拜西北条例(NorthwestOrdinance)之赐此处永无奴隶制度；•上南方(theUpperSouth)－垦殖农场，但部份区域经济衰退；•西南方－雨后春笋般蓬勃发展的棉花经济区。•Theconflictbetweennorthandsouth•AlthoughLincoln,whomfromthenorthernrepublicans,wasnottheadvocateofliberatingtheslaves,hethoughtslaverywasinhumanity,andheopposedexpandingslavery.ButtheSouth,whichalwayswithslavestodevelopitsindustry,feltstronglyopposed.In1860,AbrahamLincolnwaselectedPresident,andhementionedintheplatformwhichisprotectingtariffandTheHomesteadActgreatlyharmedtheinterestsofsouthernslaveowner.Twomonthslater,thesoutherngovernmentstartedtorebel,thenortherngovernmenthadtoacceptthebattle,thecivilwarbegantoerupted.•南北对立与冲突•来自美国北方的共和党人林肯虽然不是解放黑奴的倡言者，但他认为蓄奴不人道，反对扩大蓄奴，而一向以奴隶来发展产业的南方对此感到强烈反对。1860年，林肯当选总统，而林肯在政纲中提及的保护关税及《宅地法》大大削弱了南方奴隶主的利益。两个月后，南方政府开始发动武装起事，北方政府被逼应战，南北战争开始爆发。东部战场1861–1863西线战场1861–1864泛密西西比战场1861–1865Easternbattlefield1861-1863Westernbattlefield1861-1864Mississippibattlefield1861-1865ThebestevidenceofthechangesthathadoccurredinwarfarefromJominitoClausewitzcanbefoundinthecampaignsofRobertE.LeeandUlyssesS.Grant.ThelatterwasbornHiramUlyssesGrantinOhiobutthroughconfusionatWestPointhebecameUlyssesSimpsonGrant.Appointedtothemilitaryacademy,hefounditdistastefulandhopedthatCongresswouldabolishtheinstitution,freeinghim.Heexcelledonlyinhorsemanshipforthathehaddisplayedacapabilityearlyinlifeandgraduatedin1843,2lstoutof39graduates.Postedtothe4thInfantry,sincetherewerenovacanciesinthedragoons,heservedasregimentalquartermasterduringmostoftheMexicanWar.NonethelesshefrequentlyledacompanyincombatunderZacharyTaylorinnorthernMexico。Whenthecivilwarbrokenout,grantjoinedthearmyasreservedutyandthen,hewasawardedthecaptainrank.InSeptember1861,grantwasquicklypromotedforbrigadiergeneral.HisfirstimportantbattlewasthestriketobellMengNaarmywhichwasinMissouri.Grant'sfirstgreatvictorycamefromhisbesiegetoFortHenryandFortDonelson.OnFebrury1862,heueberrollenedtheseimportantfootholdinMississippiRiver.Duringthesiege,followthepracticeofwar,theSouthArmywasputforwardaproposalthatwhethertheycouldhaveashorttruce,butgranthasanswered:“Notermsexceptanunconditionalandimmediatesurrendercanbeaccepted.”Thus,Grantfirstproposedtheunconditionalsurrenderandthiswordsbegantopenetrateallhisbehaviorinthewar.当内战爆发后，格兰特被作为预备役征兆入伍并被授予了上校军衔.到了1861年9月，格兰特被迅速提拔为准将。他的首次重要战斗是对密苏里州贝尔蒙南军的突袭。格兰特第一个大的胜利，来自他对亨利要塞（FortHenry）和道格拉斯要塞（FortDonelson）围攻的成功，在1862年2月他先后攻下了这两个在密西西比流域的重要据点。在围攻期间，南军曾按当时战争惯例提出过短时间休战的要求，而格兰特却回答道：“Notermsexceptanunconditionalandimmediatesurrendercanbeaccepted.”格兰特就此第一次在内战中提出了“无条件投降”的说法，这个名词开始贯穿他之后的战争中的所有行为。Roberte.leeLee'sfamilyisthemostlongandgloriousfamilyinthehistoryofAmerica.ThememberwhowasthefirstsettingfootonthelandofAmericaisThomasLee,whichisthefounderofOhioCompany,asThetraditionalBritisharistocracy,hewasthememberofThegoverningCounciloftheColonyandthegovernorofVirginia.李的家族是美国历史上最为悠久和显赫的家族之一。最早踏上美洲土地的李氏家族的成员是托马斯-李（ThomasLee），其为俄亥俄公司的创始人，作为传统的英国贵族曾是殖民地最高会议（ThegoverningCouncilofthecolony）的成员和弗杰尼亚州的州长。Personally,Leeisacompletehumanitarian.Thoughheisasoldierwhosecareeriskillingpeople,Leefeltguiltyforhimselfasasoldier.Totheslavery,hehadthesameopinion.Basedonhismoralconcepts,hecombatedslavery.Accordingtothewordssaidbyhimself,slaveryis“Amoralandpoliticalevil”and“Agreatereviltothewhite”.Leehadauniqueperspectivetotherelationshipbetweenthecentralgovernmentandlocalissues.Hewroteinhisdiarythat,Americashouldbeaunity,thereisnoso-callednorth,south,eastorwest.就李个人而言，他是个彻底的人道主义者，虽然他是个以杀戮为职业的军人，李终其一生都很为自己作为军人而觉得内疚。对于奴隶制度，他的看法同样如此，基于自己的道德理念，历来反对蓄奴。按李自己的话来说蓄奴制度是一种“道德和政治上罪恶”（Amoralandpoliticalevil），“白人的一项巨大罪恶”（Agreatereviltothewhite）。李对于中央政府和地方的关系上的问题，他同样是有着很独特的看法。他曾在自己的日记中写到“美国应该是一个团结的整体，没有什么所谓的北方，南方，西部又或是东部。”RelativetoLee’scommandcapability,maybehisnoblecharactermakespeoplemisshimmore.Today,heisstillthemostadmiredsoldierthroughouttheUnitedStates.Everyyearhisbirthdaywasdefinedasthelegalanniversaryineverysouthernstates.Theprimaryschools,secondaryschoolsanduniversitieshenamedarearoundtheworld.Everyyearonhisdyi