TheSubjunctiveMood虚拟语气,作为日常交际应用中常常会出现的一种语言现象,一直是高考题几乎年年都要考到的一个热点。但对于中国学生来说,它又是一个难点。无怪乎许多学生学完虚拟语气后,常常会叹道:Iftherewerenosubjunctivemood,English______mucheasier.A.willbeB.wouldhavebeenC.couldhavebeenD.wouldbe概述:成为事实或实现的可能性虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式,用来表示所说的话只是一种主观愿望、建议或请求与事实相反的假设等。1.虚拟语气用于非真实条件句中。注意:1)虚拟语气用于倒装句2)虚拟语气用于含蓄条件句3)错综时间条件句2.虚拟语气用于名词性从句中。3.虚拟语气用于其他情况。1.【虚拟语气用于非真实条件句】条件从句主句与现在事实相反If主语+were/过去时与过去事实相反If主语+had+过去分词与将来事实相反或极不可能实现的情况If主语+did/wereto+动词原形/should+动词原形1.IfIwereyou,Iwouldgotothatposition如果我是你,就去那个岗位.2.IfIwereyou,Ishouldseizethechancetogoabroad.如果我是你,我就抓住这次出国的机会.3.Ifyouhadspokenclearly,youwouldhavebeenunderstood.要是你当初说清楚了,别人就会理解你的意思.4.Youwouldhavegotscholarshipifyouhadhadhigherscoreintheexam如果你要是考试得了高分,就能获得奖学金了.5.IfIweretobereborn,Iwouldbeadoctor.我如果能有来生,就要做一名医生。6.Ifshegotanotherchancetodoit,shemightsucceed.她如果有机会再做一次,可能会成功的。(但成功的可能性不大)1)【虚拟语气用于倒装句】形式从句主句If的省略Were+主语+名词/形容词Had+主语+过去分词Should+主语+动词原形例句1.WereIyoung,IwouldlearnEnglish.我如果年轻,会去学英语.2.Hadhestudiedharder,hewouldhavepassedtheexams.他如果再努力一些的话,是可以通过这些考试的。3.Shouldyouchangeyourmind,noonewouldblameyou.如果你改变自己的观点,没有人会指责你。注意:若省略的条件句中的谓语动词是否定形式时,不能用动词的缩略形式。如:Wereitnotfortheexpense,Iwouldgoabroadnow.Weren'titfortheexpense,Iwouldgoabroadnow.×2).【虚拟语气用于含蓄条件句】without(没有。。的话)/(butfor要不是)+名词or/otherwise+从句主语+should/would(could/might)+动词原形主语+should/would(could/might)+have+过去分词例句1.Butforhishelp,Icouldnothavefinisheditsoearly.要不是他的帮助,我根本无法这么早就完成了这个工作。2.Withoutelectricity,therewouldbenomodernindustry.如果没有电,就没有现代工业。3.Wedidn’tmeethim;otherwisewewouldhavetoldhim.我们没有遇到他,要不然我们就告诉他了。主语+should/would(could/might)+动词原形主语+should/would(could/might)+have+过去分词but+从句1.Marycouldbeprettier,butshedoesn'tcaremuchaboutherclothes.2.Hewouldhavegivenyoumorehelp,buthewassobusyatthattime.3.【虚拟语气用于错综时间条件句】从句与主句或上下文所表述的时间不一致。在这种情况下,我们切不可照搬某种形式,而应该按照句中所表述的时间关系,再选择相应的虚拟形式。例如:1.Iftheflowerhadbeenwatered,it______now.A.wouldn’tdieB.isdeadC.hadbeendeadD.willnotdie2.Ifhistelevisionsethadnotbeenstolenyesterday,he______TVnow.A.wouldwatchB.wouldhavewatchedC.wouldbewatchingD.iswatching2.【虚拟语气用于名词性从句】1)用于宾语从句wish后面的宾语从句表示一种不可实现的愿望,一般用虚拟语气。谓语构成形式现在:过去时(were/v-ed)过去:过去完成时(had+done)将来:could/would/might+动词原形IwishIhadyourbrains.我希望我有你那样的头脑。(事实:我根本比不上你)IwishIhadknownthetruthofthematter.我希望我那时就知道这件事情的真相。(事实:那时还不知道)IwishIshouldhaveachanceagain.我希望我还能有一次这样的机会。(事实:很难再有这样的机会了)一个坚持:insist;两个命令:order,command;三个建议:suggest,propose,advise;四个要求:desire,demand,ask,require用于表示建议、愿望、命令等词后的宾语从句中。宾语从句的虚拟语气结构为(should)+动词原形Iproposethatwe(should)setadeadlineforhandingintheplans.Isuggestthatwe(should)setoffatonce.Iinsistedthatwe(should)decidewhattodowithhim.insist意为“坚持某种动作”才用虚拟语气;意为“坚持某种观点,某个事实”则不用虚拟语气。eg:Heinsistsheisastudent.他坚持说他是个学生。这个语句表示的是事实,因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气。suggest意为“建议”才用虚拟语气,意为“暗示”则不用虚拟语气。eg:Hisfacesuggeststhathelooksworried.他的表情暗含着他很担心。这个句子本身是事实,因此它就没有用到虚拟语气。注意:wouldrathersb现在和将来:过去时过去:haddoneIwouldrathertheydidn'thearofthenews.我宁愿他们不会听到这个消息Iwouldrathershehadn'tdonethat.我宁愿她没做那件事Itis(was)+important/necessary/better/strange/surprising/natural/possible/apity/nowonder+that主语从句2)用于主语、表语、同位语从句Itisbestthathe(should)setoffatonce.Itisimportantthateverybody(should)betoldallthefacts.Itis(was)+suggested/ordered/advised等动词的过去分词+that主语从句Itisdemandedthathe(should)leaveatonce.Itisrequestedthatshe(should)giveaperformanceattheparty.order等+be+表语从句Myadviceisthatwe(should)sendforadoctor.Oursuggestionisthatyou(should)befirsttogo.Hisonlyrequestisthatyou(should)givehimmoretime.order等+同位语从句Doyouknowtheorderthatyou(should)keepwatch?上述结构中常用的名词有:suggestion,order,proposal,plan,idea,command,request等。1.Itisimportantthatenoughmoneybecollectedtofundtheproject.聚集足够的资金来支持这项工程是非常重要的。2.Itisnecessarythatyoushouldbepresentatthediscussion.你有必要参加讨论。3.Itwasproposedthatthematterbediscussedatthenextmeeting.有人提议这件事在下次会议上讨论.4.Itisorderedthatthemedicinesbesentherebyplane.根据命令,那些药品必须空运到这儿。5.Hemadethesuggestionatthemeetingthatthepollutionproblem(should)besolvedatonce.他在会议上建议污染问题必须立刻解决.6.YouradvicethatTombeinvitedtothepartywasaccepted.邀请Tom参加晚会的建议已被接受.7.Iamforthesuggestionthataspecialboardbesetuptoexaminetheproblem.对于成立特别委员会以核查该问题的建议我赞成.3.【虚拟语气用于其他情况】asif/asthough引导表语从句或方式状语从句,一般用虚拟语气现在:did/were从句与主句动作同时:过去:haddone从句动作先于主句将来:would/might/coulddo从句动作后于主句从句谓语动词形式Youtreattheelderlyasiftheywereyourparents.Hebehavedasifnothinghadhappened.HelearnsEnglishsohardasifhewouldgototheU.S.A.Itseemedasifthenightwouldneverend.夜似乎没有尽头。asif引导的从句,其有可能使用陈述语气,也有可能使用虚拟语气。关键是看其从句所表达的动作是否是真实的。如果明显不符合实际情况,才会用虚拟语气。如果是真实情况,则不必使用虚拟语气,用陈述语气即可。eg:Itseemsasifitisgoingtorain.此题中的asif从句可以不必使用虚拟语气,因为当时天气情况看起来的确有可能会下雨。eg:YouspeakasifyouwereGod.此处的asif的从句就必须使用虚拟语气,因为人不可能是上帝。注意:ifonly表示“但愿,要是。。。多好”一般用虚拟语气引导的是虚拟条件句,省略了主句现在:did/were过去:haddonecouldhavedone将来:would/might/coulddoIfonlyIwereabird.如果我是一只鸟该多好呀!!IfIwereabird,Iwouldflyfree.如果我是一只小鸟,我将自由飞翔.Ifonlywehadfollowedyouradvice.IfonlyIhadn’tmissedthetrain!Ifonlyshecouldhavelivedalittlelonger.比较ifonly与onlyifonlyif表示“只有”;Iwakeuponlyifthealarmclockrings.[考题]1.Ifonlygrandmother____thistogetherwithusnow.A.willseeB.couldseeC.mustseeD.shouldsee2.Ifonlyhe___quietlyast