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ExploretheChineseReligionandPhilosophySaraZhangPhilosophyduringthePre-QinPeriod•Theslave-owningstructurebegantodecayandcrumble(ariseinthevalueofcommonpeople,andanincreaseofdisenfranchisednobility,appearanceofnewclass:scribes,counselors,teachers•Thesystemofritesandmusicbegantodisintegrate•ConstantwarsamongstatesContendedvigorouslyinproposingsolutionsTheageof“hundredphilosophers”“hundredphilosophers”诸子百家•Confucianism（儒家）,Taoism（道家）,Moism（墨家）,theLogicians（名家）,theYin-YangSchool（阴阳家）andtheLegalistSchool（法家）…•TheAgriculturists,theStrategists,theEclecticSchool,andtheStory-tellers焚书坑儒：burnedbooksandburiedscholarsaliveTheLeadingFiguresConfuciusLaoZiShakyamuniConfucianismTaoismBuddhism1.ReligionandPhilosophy•Chinahasanapproximately4100-yearrecordedhistory.(Fromtheendlessprimevalperiod,around2,100B.C.)•Confucianism,TaoismandBuddhismarethethreegreatthoughts.MostsocialvaluesarederivedfromConfucianism,TaoismandBuddhism.ItemCentralFigureNeonatalDateDurationSumConfucianismConfucius479BCTo20102500yearsTaoismLaozi6thcenturyBCTo20102500yearsBuddhismSakyamuni6thcenturyBCintoChinain6thCenturyADTo20101500yearsKongzi(Confucius)•FounderofConfucianism,•Scripture:TheAnalects（论语）•Posthumoustitles:SupremeSageandForemostTeacher,GreatPerfect,MostHolyCultureSpreadingKing•Categoriesofhistenets:humanity,rite,correctionofnames,doctrineofthemean,heavenandspirits,governmentbyvirtueConfucius1.1Confucianism•Confucianism(儒家Rújiā)isaChineseethicalandphilosophicalsystemdevelopedfromtheteachingsofConfucius(KǒngFūzǐ,lit.MasterKong,551–478BC).•Itisacomplexsystemofmoral,social,political,philosophical,andquasi-religiousthoughtthathashadtremendousinfluenceonthecultureandhistoryofEastAsia.TeachingsofConfucianism•Confucianismstressestheimportanceoftheindividualmoraldevelopment,sothatthestatecanbegovernedbymoralvirtueratherthanbythelaws.•Goldenmean(philosophy):thefelicitousmiddlebetweentheextremesofexcessanddeficiency“Ridthetwoends,takethemiddleone.”•RelationshipsarecentraltoConfucianism.Particulardutiesarisefromone'sspecialsituationinrelationtoothers.Ren仁(benevolence,love)&Li礼(rites)---respectforthesystemofsocialhierarchy.OnHumanity•Thecharacterofren•Themeaningofren•InterpretationsintheAnalects:lovemen(YanYuan),“themanofhumanitywishingtobeestablishedhimself,seekstoestablishothers;wishingalsotobedevelopedhimself,seeksalsotodevelopothers”(YongYe)OnHumanity•Donotdotootherswhathewouldnotwishdonetohimself•Amandevotedtohumanitywillnotseektoliveattheexpenseofinjuringhishumanity,butwillevensacrificehislifetofulfillhishumanity.•祭孔大典asacrificialceremonyattheConfuciusTemple（9.28）•曲阜•Qufu,•山东•ShandongConfuciusinstituteSinceNovember2004,theworld'sfirstConfuciusInstitutewasestablishedinKorea,asofDecember2009,already87countriesaroundtheworldtoestablish583ConfuciusInstitutesandConfuciusClassroomsbecometheglobalbrandandplatformforthedisseminationofChinesecultureandthepromotionofChineselanguageteaching自2004年11月全球首家孔子学院在韩国成立以来，截至2009年12月份，全球已有87个国家建立了583所孔子学院和孔子课堂，成为传播中国文化和推广汉语教学的全球品牌和平台1.2TaoismLaoZi•Laozi(老子;pinyin:Lǎozǐ;)wasaphilosopherofChinaaround6thcenturyB.C.andisacentralfigureinTaoism.•LaoziliterallymeansOldMasterandisgenerallyconsideredanhonorific..TaoismistheChinesereligionwhichbelievesinghostsandspirits.ItemphasizedcooperationwiththenaturalforcesTeachingsofTaoismWuwei(无为wúwéi)isacentralconceptinTaoism.Theliteralmeaningofwuweiiswithoutaction.Itisoftenexpressedbytheparadoxweiwuwei,meaningactionwithoutactionoreffortlessdoing.TheSimilaritiesBetweenthem•First,bothofthemadvocatefollowingthenature.Confucianistsbelievethatpeoplearebornwithintuitive,andren,yi,licomesfromtheintuitive.InTaoistsview,humanitycomesfromtheway.Becausethewayisnatural,humanityisnaturaltoo.Second,ConfucianismandTaoismdespiseutility.Confuciussaid:TheSuperiorManisawareofRightness,theinferiormanisawareofadvantage.Confucianistsregardyiassupremevalue,andtaketheattitudeofdespisingtotheprofit.TheyiandprofitisalllightintheTaoistschool,whichadvocategettingridoftheyokeofmaterialutilityandmoralstopursuefreerealmandtheliberationofthesoul.•Althoughthetwothinkindifferentway,theyreachthesamegoal.Itisthecommonidealstopursuethetrue,therighteousnessandthevirtue.Third,bothofthemencourageself-cultivateandpromotingthepersonalityrealm.Confucianistsemphasizethatpeoplecan’tgiveupone’sownpursuitonthemoralsbecauseofdisappointmentonthehardshiplifeandpoliticalcareer.Inanyenvironment,peopleshouldsticktothemorality.TheTaoistsputemphasisonbearingpatientlyandwithdrawingandstandonthedefensive,andpersonalityindependence.Accordingtothose,wecansay,thespiritualessenceofConfucianismandTaoismisidentical.TheDifferencesBetweenthem•Generallyspeaking,ConfucianismismorestructuredandsociallyorientedwhileTaoismisyieldingandnatureoriented.•Onnature:NatureofPersonificationvs.naturalwaysofthings.IntheConfucianists’view,thehighestbeautyistheidealpersonality,andthesupremeaestheticfeelingistheexperienceoftheidealpersonality.Sowhenfacingnaturalmountainsandrivers,theyalwaysputtheirattentiononappreciatingtheirownpersonality.Theyappreciatethenaturalmoun