pjm 电力市场培训教材 课程101-basics

PJM©2009©20092Introduction&GovernanceGenerationDispatchTransmissionControlEmergencyProceduresOverviewEnergyMarketsLMPFTRs/ARRsPJM©20093–PlanfortransmissionexpansiononaregionalbasisGridOperations-24/7MonitoringofTransmissionLines-24/7Generation&LoadBalanceMarketOperation-Energy-Capacity-AncillaryServicesRegionalPlanning15Yearlook-aheadtoensuretransmissioncapability1a&1b231a–Monitorthehigh-voltagetransmissiongridforreliability1b–Balancegenerationandloadonaninstantaneousbasis2–Operatecompetitive,non-discriminatorymarkets“Supply&Demand”PJM©20094Complexity1271GenerationResourceswithDiverseFuelOver56,250MilesofTransmissionLinesOver51MillionPeopleServedUniquenessSingleControlAreainNERCRegionAreaServed:13States+DCMembers/CustomersMemberCompanies~500+TransmissionSvc.Customers~100+CumulativeBilling(since1997)~$150+BillionPJMStatisticsPJM©20095©20096*MISO-136,520ERCOT-63,056California-50,538NewYork-33,879NewEngland-27,401*PeakloadinMWasofSummer,2006NineMajorN.AmericanRTOs/ISOsPJM©20097(England)54,430MWPeak212GeneratingUnitsPJMRTO144,644MWPeak1271GeneratingUnitsTokyoElectric64,300MWPeak189GeneratingUnitsEDF(France)80,190MWPeak608GeneratingUnitsCAISO50,538MWPeak1,143GeneratingUnitsERCOT63,056MWPeak437GeneratingUnits*MostupdatedfiguresaccordingtoRTOwebsitesMISO136,520MWPeak5,091GeneratingUnitsRTOWorldwideComparisonPJM©20098’sMembersInclude8RegionalReliabilityCouncilsNERC:NorthAmericanElectricReliabilityCorporationPJM©20099ReliabilityFirstCorporation(RFC)PJMlocatedwithinRFCIncludesthreepreviousNERCregions:ECAR,MAAC,MAINSpansacross13states+DCReliablityFirstrepresentsnearly40%oftheEasternInterconnection*Source:ReliabilityFirst.comRFC:ReliabilityFirstCorporationPJM©200910©200911(RTO)is:Anentitythatisindependentfromallgenerationandpowermarketinginterestsandhasexclusiveresponsibilityforgridoperations,short-termreliability,andtransmissionservicewithinaregion.WhatisandRTO?PJM©200912IndependencefrommarketparticipantsAppropriatescopeandregionalconfigurationPossessionofoperationalauthorityExclusiveauthoritytomaintainshort-termreliabilityRTOCharacteristicsPJM©200913AdministertariffManagecongestionDevelopandimplementprocedurestoaddressparallelpathflowSupplyancillaryservicesOperateOASISMonitormarket(amarketfunctioni.e.IndependentExternalEntity)PlanandcoordinatetransmissionadditionsandupgradesRTOFunctionsPJM©200914Security-constrainedeconomicdispatch,whichinvolvesusingtheleast-costgeneratorstomeetloadonthesystem,allowsPJMtooperateareliableandefficientbid-basedmarketThismethodofdispatchinghasprovencostsavingsandbenefitswithinthePJMRTOasshownbystudieswhichhavebeenconductedbyvariousorganizationsMarketintegrationsintheyear2004withinPJMhaveresultedinacostsavingsof$84.5millionforwholesalecustomersintheEasternInterconnectionasreportedinastudyconductedbyGlobalEnergyDecisionsBenefitsofRTOsPJM©200915PJMmarketintegrationsalsocontributedtoacostsavingsofmorethan$500millionforwholesaleelectricitycustomersduetotheeffectofcentraldispatchingacrossalargerregionsasreportedinastudyconductedbyEnergySecurityAnalysis,Inc.CambridgeEnergyResearchAssociatesalsoreportedthatelectricitypriceshavealsobeenimpactedoverthepastsevenyearsresultinginacostsavingsof$33billiondollarsincomparisontowhatpriceswouldhavebeeninaregulatedenergymarketTheISO/RTOcouncilhasalsofoundintheirresearchthattheaverageannualcosttoacustomerforservicesprovidedbyPJMisonlyabout$3.50BenefitsofRTOsPJM©200916•Maintainthe“bigpicture”ofthetransmissionsystemregardlessofownership.•Have,byagreement,operationalcontrolofthetransmissionsystem.•Operateas“profitneutral.”•RemaintotallyindependentofallPJMmembers.•Coordinatesmaintenanceofgenerationandtransmissionsystems.HowisPJMdifferentfromthelocalutility?PJM©200917•Ownanytransmissionorgenerationassets.•Functionasapubliclytradedcompany.•Takeownershipoftheenergyonthesystem.•Performtheactualmaintenanceongeneratorsortransmissionsystems.•Serve,directly,anyenduse(retail)customers.HowisPJMdifferentfromthelocalutility?PJM©200918©200919©200920TheMembershavethefollowinglimitedrolesandauthorities:ElectthePJMBoard(10)ProvideadviceandrecommendationstothePJMBoardAmendtheOperatingAgreementsubjecttoFERCapprovalMembersCommittee–RoleandAuthorityPJM©200921