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Chapter2TheGrammar-TranslationMethod1.Keypoints(学习要点)1.Definition(定义)TheGrammar-translationMethodisamethodofforeignorsecondlanguageteaching,whichusestranslationandgrammarsstudyasthemainteachingandlearningactivities.AtonetimeitwascalledClassicalMethodsinceitwasfirstusedintheteachingoftheclassicallanguagesofLatinandGreek.2.BasicPrinciple(基本原则）2.1Mainfeatures(主要特征）(1)Grammaristhecoreoflanguage,andlanguagematerialsarearrangedaccordingtothegrammarsystem.（语法是语言的核心，教材内容是根据语法体系安排的）(2)Themainteachingactivitiesareanalysis,explanationandtranslation.(主要教学活动是分析,解释和翻译）(3)Themajorpracticeistranslationfromandintothetargetlanguage.(主要教学实践是用目标语进行翻译)(4)Theteachingfocusisreadingandwriting.(教学重点是阅读和写作)(5)Firstlanguageisthemainmediumofinstruction.(第一语言是主要的教学中介语言)(6)Thesentenceisthebasicunitoflanguageteachingandlearning.(句子是语言教学的基本单位)(7)Languageaccuracyisemphasized.(强调语言的准确性)2.2Objectives(教学目标)TheobjectivesoflearningaforeignlanguageinaGrammar-TranslationMethodclassroomaretoenablethelearners:(1)toreadandtranslateitsliterature;(能够阅读和翻译所学的文学作品;)(2)understandthetargetlanguage;(能够帮助和理解目标语)(3)tohelpdeveloptheirminds;(能够帮助学生发展智力;)(4)togainabetterunderstandingofthefirstlanguage.(能够更好地理解第一语言)AnultimatepurposeoflearningaforeignlanguageinaGrammar-Translationclassroomistoenablethelearnerstoreadandtranslateitsliterature.Studentsarerequiredtomemorizethegrammaticalrulesinordertounderstandthetargetlanguage.Theotherobjectivesofthemethodaretoprovidestudentswithgoodmentalexercisesthathelpdeveloptheirminds,andtogainabetterunderstandingofthefirstlanguage.2.3Techniques(教学技巧)AGrammar-Translationteacherusuallyusesthefollowingtechniquestohelprealizethecourseobjectives:(1)Reading(短文阅读)CityplaceReadingpassagesareplannedaroundthesequencedgrammaticalstructuresandvocabularytobestudiedandareexcerptedfromliteraryworksorcarefullywrittenbyacompiler,includingparticulargrammarrulesandvocabulary.(2)Translation(翻译)Translationcanbeemployedinpresentinganewgrammaticalitem,understandinganewpassage,orasexercisesattheendofalesson.(3)Deductiveteachingofgrammar(演绎法语法教学)Grammarrulesaretaughtdirectlybytheteacher,withexceptionstoeachrulesnoted.(4)Analysisandcomparison(分析和比较)Difficultsentencesareanalyzedindetailandcomparedwiththefirstlanguagesentences.(5)Memorization(记忆)Studentsarerequiredtomemorizebilingualwordlistsandgrammaticalrules.(6)Readingcomprehensionquestions(阅读理解问题)Differentquestionsaredesignedforstudentstoanswertochecktheunderstandingofthereadingpassage.(7)Writtenwork(书面作业)Fill-in-the-blanksareonekindofwrittenwork.Usingnewwordstomakeupsentencesisanothertypeofwrittenwork.Compositionisfrequentlyemployedintraditionalforeignlanguageteaching.2.4Procedures(教学步骤)ThemainproceduresforatypicallessonwiththeGrammar-TranslationMethodcanbedividedintothreephases.Theactivitiesineachphasearedescribedbelow:(1)Phaseone(步骤一）A.Theteacherreadsandexplainsthenewwordsandexpressionsinthefirstlanguage.B.Theteacherteachesthenewgrammarwithdeductivemethod.(2)Phasetwo(步骤二)A.Studentsareaskedtoreadafewsentencesoutaloudandtranslatethemintothefirstlanguage.B.Theteacheranalysessomedifficultsentenceandtranslatesthemintotheirnativelanguagefirstliterallyandthenfreely.C.Studentsreadthestudiedpartofthepassagesilentlyandasktheteacherquestionstheycannotanswerbythemselves.(3)phasethree(步骤三）A.Studentsareaskedtowritetheanswerstothequestionsaboutthereadingpassage.B.Studentsareaskedtodootherwrittenworkthatismeanttoreinforcethenewgrammaritemsandvocabulary.3.SummaryandComments(总结与结论）1）advantages(优点）(1)Itmakesuseofthefirstlanguage(该方法运用了第一语言）InGrammar-TranslationMethod,thefirstlanguageismaintainedasthereferencesysteminthelearningofthesecondlanguage.(2)Ithelpsstudentsdevelopreadingcomprehensionandproductionofwrittenlanguage.(它有助于发展学生的阅读理解能力和书面语的表达能力）Systematicstudyofgrammaticalrulesplaysanimportantroleinfosteringstudents'abilityofreadingcomprehensionandproducinggrammaticallycorrectsentences.Thefocusonunderstandingliterarytextsprovidesthesituationinwhichreadingandwritingarewelltrained.(3)Itiseasyforteacherstouse.(教师易于使用这一教学法)TheGrammar-TranslationMethodmakesfewdemandsonteachersalthoughitoftencreatesfrustrationforstudents.Itisrelativelyeasytoapply.2)Disadvantages(缺点）（1）Overemphasisontranslation,dependenceonfirstlanguage(过分强调翻译，依赖母语）Overemphasisontranslationcanneveremancipatethelearnersfromdependenceonthefirstlanguage.(2)Toomuchemphasisonreadingandwriting,neglectoflisteningandspeaking(过分强调阅读和写作，忽视了听和说）Itputstoomuchemphasisonreadingandwritingandneglectslisteningandspeaking.(3)Notmeetingthecommunicativeandpracticalneedsofthestudents(不能满足学生的交际需要和实际需要)Knowingalargenumberofgrammaticalrulescannotensurethatstudentscanusethemappropriatelyinrealcommunicativesituation.Thetextsaremostlytakenfromliteraryworks.Thelanguagelearnedoftendoesn'tmeetthepracticalneedsofthelearners(4)Rote-learning(死记硬背的学习)Memorizinggrammarrulesandbilingualwordlistsdoesnotmotivatestudentstoactivelycommunicateinthetargetlanguage.Chapter3TheDirectMethod1.DefinitionTheDirectMethodisamethodofforeignorsecondlanguageteachingwhichinsiststhatonlythetargetlanguageshoul