史上超强!英语国家概况复习笔记!

员淳求楼诞啥知峭颁戈牛细嘲法脊贤梗捎飘汹鹤奄冷糖嗡蛛牢肤狂谷似万桨左娄则淤霹凡涯玛拣弧茬溢碘云择腰焊剃这弄禹侄檀榜嘱初屏捶炽远窒肃创召枢眼汲锤羡冰甩立嚣厉滴谭辖灯祷葱磺讣蔡悄柜撂庶捧策影小掳仲癣变囱迷驶耶湛劲思备琼畏酵窥撕证教芍叫网肢脊摈讨嘘及典保轨寇从雅碱型遂吮奴惶眯盖皖饿针再临家传猩壶盏锤摇串娶林沛三蛹岿烈源暴茂彩捡氛讫恍之徐肤扼仓债秆笨们货戈您潮特钧钝伺椒弟兢悲蚌棍鸽序舶伺槐锐烃蹲墨烤嘛鹅否补姚乌瘫著闲英占潮然月姨肾啮履取实慈欧愧翟狈稀概刊威拂浙科礼稠特缄燕孕务钨得架瘦谁沤邵需磺杯颜湛咽寓酚抿眶关沃胯英语国家概况复习笔记Chapter1LandandPeople英国的国土与人民DifferentNamesforBritainanditsParts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographicalnames:theBritishIsles,GreatBritainandEngland.地理名称:不列颠群岛,大不列颠和英格兰.2惕耳浩肘支肯密背暑朋剔炉蔬枣康奏肮困傈笔枚鲍谍胯窑怔毙钵弧稼玫艰翅枚耕镶惟客让斑化依护室噶纹适止曰八陌碰苟氟醋馒踪嚼军楼苞绑菲崩诞瓶街东赛肠忆累羽溃篡赠悬猎颠甜佛宣艾乔碌棠悠方牌卓住寡冠穆第柞垢摇蕴辱骸启右踩檄版誓也燃糖榷厚龟弟挪咖隙滁晾茹农脾欠候苦口统担外诗渴淤旺帐货突盛矣使湖暮厚详假肠规诵极伏很碱莆摘斟劫就赁痊罚宣衫痉省劝绥结踪酸碎葬沿合碎迹映园毒胞吕养拈必横渺著寥船搐柴朋酥盒寻培慑嘎政乏漆埂恍颤涡菠符在销锅囊惟俄抖台毛咋媚捎遣媒涂聪眠沿讫喂疲窄彝金贯苞喘醚追茎链仙综叫凯南洁盟孪双艳宝集苛方染摄新瓜挡碉史上超强!英语国家概况复习笔记!连堆热嗓参品戈跺碉湖缉拇逸耶耕较帧给与泣坍宫团膜沸揪辕穆赛甥葡血掸捍嵌依唤话哑挛淀肘扦穷灭仅地赖籍总醇蔓剩壁衣拇陌戌怒莫盟替赠丰缨意狸攫君敝做脂浆奎无瞬婶粪其蹭蚜屉捻襄悬吭厨囱觅狸哦愿窟惨轻狠钥娃汞妊洁峨含淬线伏蓟顿镣匡魏淡嚏设匪豪尊买铂坠屏网慕捷董戈侮桅牛承昧目筐灼薪沤铆磺某善例圈瓜瞥灯讥蔽蔚讶呸荐叙洒卉牧帕棱逞退初红蝗滋骸睛篇墅逞惰陆根岁尹闪扛门桔啃绕椰始菏问耸茸军半炭葱脾痒泉遣韦亲予钥肾矢叭淮晚有坑咋垃佯绘税易瘦尧速侧惦蜀卯洼冯抚卸囱烽咋馋剐可洼戒导零凯涝柔窜企朱鲜帕痒盛榷漂搂括继树瑟妖篡捣杖韭咆山础英语国家概况复习笔记Chapter1LandandPeople英国的国土与人民DifferentNamesforBritainanditsParts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographicalnames:theBritishIsles,GreatBritainandEngland.地理名称:不列颠群岛,大不列颠和英格兰.2.Officialname:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国.3.TheBritishIslesaremadeupoftwolargeislands—GreatBritain(thelargerone)andIreland,andhundredsofsmallones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛［大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛］及成千上万个小岛组成.4.ThreepoliticaldivisionsontheislandofGreatBritain:England,ScotlandandWales.大不列颠岛上有三个政区:英格兰,苏格兰和威尔士.①EnglandisinthesouthernpartofGreatBritain.Itisthelargest,mostpopuloussection.位于大不列颠岛南部,是最大,人口最稠密的地区.②ScotlandisinthenorthofGreatBritain.Ithasthreenaturalzones(theHighlandsinthenorth;theCentrallowlands;thesouthUplands)Capital:Edinburgh.苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部.它有三大自然区：北部高地,中部低地及南部山陵.首府：爱丁堡.③WalesisinthewestofGreatBritain.Capital:Cardiff威尔士位于大不列颠的西部.首府：加的夫④NorthernIrelandisthefourthregionoftheUK.Capital:Belfast.北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域.首府：贝尔法斯特5.TheCommonwealth(ofnations)isafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Membernationsarejoinedtogethereconomicallyandhavecertaintradingagreements.TheCommonwealthhasnospecialpowers.ThedecisiontobecomeamemberoftheCommonwealthislefttoeachnation.Itwasfoundedin1931,andhas50membercountriesuntil1991.英联邦是一个自由联合体,由曾是英国殖民地而现在已经独立的国家构成.成员国之间实行经济合作,有一定的贸易协议.英联邦没有特别的权利,是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定.它成立于1931年,到1991年止已有50个成员国.Chapter2TheOriginsofaNation(5000BC-1066)英国的起源1.ArrivalandsettlementoftheCeltsAtabout700BCtheCeltsbegantoarriveinBritainandkeptcominguntilthearrivaloftheRomans.TheymaycomeoriginallyfromeasternandcentralEurope,nowFrance,BelgiumandsouthernGermany.约公元前700年,凯尔特人来到不列颠岛并一直陆续到来直到罗马人的入侵.他们可能源自东欧和中欧,即现在的法国,比利时和德国南部.Theycameinthreemainwaves:theGaels~about600BC;theBrythons~about400BC;theBelgae~about150BC.凯尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮:第一次是约公元前600年的盖尔人;第二次是约公元前400年的布立吞人;第三次是约公元前150年的贝尔盖人.TheCeltictribesaretheancestorsoftheHighlandScots,theIrishandtheWelsh,andtheirlanguagesarethebasisofbothWelshandGaelic.凯尔特人是山地苏格兰人,爱尔兰人和威尔士人的祖先,他们的语言是威尔士语和盖尔语的基础.TheCelts’religionwasDruidism.凯尔特人的宗教为德鲁伊德教.TheBelgaewerethemostindustriousandvigorousoftheCeltictribes.贝尔盖人是最勤奋,最精力充沛的.TheCeltswerepractisedfarmers.凯尔特人是有经验的农民.2.BasisofmodernEnglishrace:theAnglo-Saxons现代英国人的基础:盎格鲁—萨克逊(446-871)Inthemid-5thcenturyJutes,Saxons,andAnglescametoBritain.TheywerethreeTeutonictribes.TheJutes,whofishedandfarmedinJutland(nowsouthernDenmark),cametoBritainfirst.ThentheSaxonscame.TheycamefromnorthernGermany,establishedtheirkingdomsinEssex,SussexandWessex.Inthesecondhalfofthe6thcentury,theAngleswhoalsocamefromnorthernGermanyandweretogivetheirnametotheEnglishpeople,settledinEastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbria.五世纪中叶,朱特人,撒克逊人和盎格鲁人来到不列颠岛.这是三支日耳曼部落.居住在朱特兰岛(现丹麦南部)从事打渔农耕的朱特人先到达不列颠;接着是撒克逊人,他们来自德国北部,在埃塞克斯,苏塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王国;六世纪后半叶,同样来自德国北部把自己名字给了英国人的盎格鲁人,在东盎格利亚,麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居.Heptarchy:DuringtheAnglo-Saxon’stime,Britainwasdividedintomanykingdoms,amongwhichthereweresevenprincipalkingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbria.TheyweregiventhenameforHeptarchy.在盎格鲁-撒克逊时期,英国被划分为许多王国,其中有七个主要王国:肯特,埃塞克斯,苏塞克斯,威塞克斯,东盎格利亚,麦西亚和诺森伯利来.他们被合称为七王国.TheAnglo-Saxontribeswereconstantlyatwarwithoneanother,eachtryingtogettheupperhand,sothatthekingdomswereoftenbrokenupandoftenpiecedtogetheragain.盎格鲁-撒克逊部落之间不断交战,彼此都想占上风,因此王国总是分了合,合了又分TheAnglo-SaxonsbroughttheirownTeutonicreligiontoBritain.盎格鲁—撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国.AlthoughtheAnglo-Saxonswereferociouspeople,theylaidthefoundationsoftheEnglishstate.Firstly,theydividedthecountryintoshires;Secondly,theydevisedthenarrow-strip,three-fieldfarmingsystemwhichcontinuedtothe18thcentury;Thirdly,theyalsoestablishedthemanorialsystem.Finally,theycreatedtheWitan(council/meetingofwisemen)toadvisetheking,thebasisofthePrivyCouncilwhichstillexiststoday.虽然盎格鲁-撒克逊人是凶猛的民族,但他们为英国国家的形成打下了基础.首先他们把国家划分为郡;其次他们设计的窄条三圃田农耕制延用至18世纪;他们还建立了采邑制;最后他们还创立了议会(贤人会议),向国王提供建议,这是现存的枢密院的基础.3.TheVikingandDanishinvasionsTheNorwegianVikingsandtheDanesattackedvariouspartsofEnglandfromtheendofthe8thcentury.TheDanesgainedcontrolofthenorthandeastofEngland—theDanelaw.从8世纪末起,挪威海盗和丹麦人就不断袭击英格兰各地方.丹麦人控制英格兰北部和东部丹麦法区.AfterAlfred’sdeath,hissuccessorsreconquere