1ReadingSkillsHowdoyouimproveyour“readingskills”?Let’spracticethemtogether.2Sources•Economist•NewYorkTimes•Times•WashingtonPost•Newsweek3ThethemeofAmericancultureMeltingpot•Democracy•Liberty•Freedom•Individualism•Diversity•Time-consciousness4AcademicreadingStyles•Socialissues•Cultural•Technology•Economy•Health/Medicine•Ideology•Philosophy/law•Education/lauguage/lecture5Passage=V+G+L•Depression•Coverthenews•Trail•Plate6两类文体:•议论文,抓作者中心观点和作者态度;•说明文,抓说明对象和作者态度。7怎样对待一篇文章:•①一般来说,任何一篇文章都讲一个主题。•②注意抓注主旨•③注意看清楚文章是由几个自然段构成,同时要注意看清楚文章的段落与段落之间是顺承结构还是转折结构。•④注意文章的一些固有模式:•一:启承传合型,要特别注意启和合的前后呼应。•二:花开两朵型,要注意两个核心概念的区别和联系。•三:问题答案型,一般来说问题就是文章的中心,阅读的目的就是为了寻找问题的答案。•四:平铺直叙型,注意抓首段和中心。•五:开门见山型。8各种题型总结•推理题learn/infer/imply/inform…例证题Exemplifyinstances、example,case,illustrate,illustration,词汇题underlinedword/phrases句子理解题指代题referto主旨题themetopic/mainlydiscuss…态度题attitude9AttitudeHints•Shame•un/fortunately•Excessively•Toomany•It’sapity•It’sarelieftoknowthat10•E.g.•Skeptical•Indifferent•Supportive•Sympathetic•Ironic/sarcasm•Adetachedattitude•Subjective/objective•Favor…•(Im)partial/biased/prejudiced11Traps•主语宾语互换题•偷梁换柱题•深义浅谈题•过度概括题•子虚乌有题12正确答案的特征:•①正确答案经常与中心思想有关。•②正确答案的位置,最常见的三个位置是:段首段尾处、转折处、因果处。•③正确答案经常运用的原则是:同义替换、正话反说、反话正说。•④从语气角度来看,正确答案中经常含有不肯定的语气词和委婉表达的用词。如:can,may,might,possible,notnecessarily,some.•⑤正确答案经常具有概括性、深刻性,不能只见树木不见森林。13错误答案的特征:•第一大层次:•①无中生有(未提及的概念);•②正反混淆(选项的意思跟原文的意思正好相反);•③所答非所问(虽然选项的说法没有问题,符合原文,但和题干搭不上边)•第二大层次:•①过分绝对;②扩大范围•③因果倒置;④常识判断;•⑤推得过远;⑥偏离中心;14常识判断:•如果一个选项仅仅符合常识,不一定是正确答案,还要看文章中类似的意思有没有出现;•如果一个选项不符合常识,一定不是正答案。•能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了,才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧。15Readingskills•Inordertoreadbetter,youneedtoknowabouttheorganizationofEnglishwriting.要增進閱讀的能力,首先,我們要先了解英文的篇章結構16阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有:标志类、指示类的信息。•a.表示并列关系:•and;also;coupledwith等•b.表示转折关系:•but;yet;however;bycontrast等•c.表示因果关系:•therefor;thereby;consequently;asaresult等•d.表示递进关系:•inadditionto;even;what'more;furthermore等•e.表示重要性的词:prime;aboveall;first等17Paragraph•Aparagraphisabriefunitofacommunicationinarelativelyfixedformandabriefunitofacompletearticle.英文段落有其固定的架構,是一篇完整文章的基本單位•Thethreemainpartsofaparagraph:1.Topicsentence=Introductorysentence2.Supportingsentences3.Closingsentence18Topicsentence(Introductorysentence)•Topicsentence(Introductorysentence)usuallytellsusthetopicandthewriter’sattitudetowardsthetopic,whichisreferredtoas“thecontrollingidea”or“themainidea.”主題句告訴我們文章的主題和作者針對此主題的主要看法,也就是文章的主旨.(thecontrollingidea=themainidea)19Supportingsentences•Thetopicsentenceisfollowedbyseveral“supportingsentences”toprovideevidenceforthewriter’sassertion.作者用承接句“supportingsentences”提供論點,來支持其對主題(thetopic)的看法20Closingsentence•Theparagraphusuallyendswitha“closingsentence”tosumupthewholeparagraph.Sometimestherecanbenotopicsentence,butthemainideaappearsintheclosingsentence.結句(closingsentence)總結整個段落.有時主題句未寫出,但作者會在結句中重伸主旨.21Example:•Iliketosing.Therefore,Ihaveparticipatedinachoirformanyyears.Ihavelearnedsingingandmetdifferentpeopleinthechoir.Ihavechancestogoabroadtogiveperformanceseveryyear.Ihavealotofunforgettableexperiencesandbeautifulmemoriesfromsinging.22Analysis:•TopicSentence:Iliketosing.•Supportingsentences:Therefore,Ihaveparticipatedinachoirformanyyears.Ihavelearnedsingingandmetdifferentpeopleinthechoir.Ihavechancestogoabroadtogiveperformanceseveryyear.•Concludingsentence:Ihavealotofunforgettableexperiencesandbeautifulmemoriesfromsinging.23Thethreepartsofaparagraph1.Topicsentence--thebeginning2.Supportingsentences--thebody3.Closingsentence--theconclusion24Thethreepartsofaparagraph“Thethreepartsofaparagrapharelikethestepsthatapreachertakeswhenhelectures–hetellsyouwhatheisgoingtofocuson,thenheprovidesdifferentevidence,andheendsupbyarestatementofthemainidea.”一篇段落就像牧師證道,先在一開始點出要談論的主旨,接著用不同的實例來佐證,最後在結束前,再重新強調一次所要傳遞的重要訊息.Thewholeparagraphisjustlikealoop;itstartssomewhereandendsatwhereitstarted.一篇段落的寫作,就像畫一個圓圈,從點明主旨開始,也以重伸主旨結束.2526TipsforReadingSkills27•略读(skimming)只看文章标题和下标题,以及每个部分或者段落第一行。关注文章中反复出现的关键词。•略读时,要花足够的时间去读段落的第一句和第二句,直到完全理解其义,因为第一句往往是该段的主题句(topicsentence),而第二句往往是对前句的延伸(extension)或进一步的解释(explanation)。通过略读把握文章大意28•运用扫读(scanning),迅速浏览从第三句开始的后面部分,搜寻作者对开头两句的支持句(supportingsentences),并同时注意文章中间是否有转折词(transition),因为这些词常常会把文章的思路逆转或加入其它重要的信息。当读到段落的最后一句时,我们又要使用略读,这时必须再次放慢速度(slowdownyourpace)直到完全消化作者对段落的小结(conclusion),因为该小结有可能与主题句截然相反或引导读者进入下一个段落。通过扫读寻找特定信息或特定词组29Togetgeneralideas30•Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?•A.LijustlikeshisEnglishteacher.•B.Linotonlylikeshisformerschoolbuthispresentone.•C.LidescribeshisimpressiononhisnewclassandEnglishteacher.•D.Limainlyintroducedhimselftohisclassmates.31