英语写作教学设计的理论和实践

英语写作教学设计的理论和实践北京工业大学附中孔彬写作教学情景作文试题（满分20分）最近你的同班同学上课总是睡觉，严重影响了学习。请你给他（她）写一封信,劝说他（她）改掉这个不良习惯。上课睡觉会导致学生成绩下降，并影响老师的心情和思维。同时你对他的学习生活提出自己的建议。写作提示：按着要求：发现问题—列出原因—改进方法这一结构，有理有据地描写全文。句与句之间要连贯，并正确地使用动词及词组。写作教学评价的命题Dearfriend：I’msorrybutIhavetosaythatthereexistsaseriousprobleminyourstudyhabit.Recentlyyouarealwaysfallingasleepinclass.Idon’tknowwhyyouarebehavinglikethisbutobviouslyitisveryharmfultoyourstudybecauseyouhavefallenbehindotherfellowstudents.Inmyopinion,thereareseveralreasonstoshowthatyourbehaviorisnotproper.First,thereisnoneedtosaythatfallingasleepinclassisbadforyourstudyforyouwillmisswhattheteachersay.What’smore,itshowsdisrespectfortheteachertofallasleepinclass.Lastbutnotleast,youhavetoconsiderwhatyourfellowstudentswillthinkandhowtheywillfeel.写作教学范例评分Asyourclosefriend,I’dliketogiveyousomesuggestions.Inordertokeepawakeinclass,youshoulddevelopahealthysleepinghabit,anddon’tstayuptoolate.Andconcentrateonwhattheteacherissayingandtrytoforgetyoursleepiness.Ireallyhopeyoucangetridofyourbadhabit,andbeanenergeticstudentinclass.Yoursincerely,Tom写作教学范例评分共190个单词Alotofmyfriendsworryabouttheenvironment.Theyfeeltheycan’tdoanythingaboutthingslikepollution,rainforestsdisappearingandtheamountofwastewemake.Ithinkwecanalldosomethingtohelptheenvironment.Forastartwecanrecycle.It’saprocessthat’seasytostartinourownhomes.优秀写作描写范例1共55个单词Theskywasblueandtherewereonlyafewclouds.Thebreezewascoolandcarriedthesmelloftheoceanonit.Asthetreesswayedandthesunshoneoverhead,theatmospherewasinterruptedbythepurrofacarcomingdowntheroad.Thecarwasmovingonthesoftasphalt.Thefourboyslooked写作描写范例初稿分析2outofthecar.SurfBeachwasoftenpackedatthistimeofyearbuttodaywasSundayandeveryonehadspenttheweekswimmingandwasnowlyingonthissummerday.写作描写范例初稿分析2共91个单词Theskywasacrystalclearblueandtherewereonlyafewpuffywhiteclouds.Thebreezewascoolandcarriedthesmelloftheoceanonit.Asthetreesswayedlazilyandthesunshonedirectlyoverhead,thequietatmospherewasinterruptedbythesteadypurrofacarcomingdowntheroad.Thecarpulledupontheasphalt,whichwassoftfromtheheatofthesun.Thefourboyslooked优秀写作描写范例分析3outofthecarandsurveyedtheirsurroundings.SurfBeachwasusuallypackedatthistimeofyearbuttodaywasSundayandeveryonehadprobablyspenttheentireweekswimmingandwasnowrestingonthishotanddrowsysummerday.优秀写作描写范例分析3共118个单词一、当前写作教学中存在的问题:1.写作教学的整体设计和规划不够。2.写作教学的训练模式太单一。3.没有形成系统的写作教学训练材料。4.写作练习题设计的情景缺乏真实性。5.考试中作文所配图不能充分说明问题。二、何谓写作:交际语言教学（CLT）对写的理解：认为写是实现交际目的的一项重要技能。写是用书面语传递信息的一种交际能力。20世纪80年代费劳尔（Flower)和海斯（Hayes)提出了认知程序理论（cognitiveprocesstheory)。认知程序理论注重写作过程即：教师要帮助学生提高写作的效率，减少写作过程中的困难。三、写作教学的目标:在于帮助学生形成一套可行的写作策略：1.动笔前的酝酿（构思,定中心,拟提纲,定步骤）2.起草；调整（增补，修正，调整思路）3.修改（注意：修辞，句子结构，语法等）四、写作的程序:席尔瓦（Silva）认为大体可分为：1.写前阶段（Pre-writingprocesses）a.策划（Planning）b.确定目标（Targeting）c.组织思路（Organizing）2.写作阶段（In-writingprocesses）a.起草（Drafting）b.评估（Evaluating）c.整理（Editing）d.修改（Rewriting）五、写作的技术性细节:1.Insearchofcapitals2.Investigatingtypographicalconventions3.Dictationandcommentary–punctuatingdirectspeech4.Usingtypographicalconventions–designingahandbill5.Listing6.Makinglabels7.Spellingwithadifference8.Consequences–storywriting9.Punctuationtemplates六、写作教学的重点:1.制定写作的教学计划。包括：课时，内容，训练活动，检测题等。写作要求适中；难度不可过高；要对学生的需求和兴趣做必要的调查。2.注意写作教学的真实性，实用性和趣味性。写是传递和储存书面信息的交际方式，并能超越时间和空间的限制。写作练习应发挥这一功能，才能具有真实性。写的内容应能引起学生的兴趣，激发他们的动机，激活他们的思维。3.提倡“互动式和社会结构式”的写作训练。约翰斯认为写作不完全是个人行为，而是发生在团体中的行为，因此他提倡互动式（Interactive）和社会结构式（Socialconstructive）的写作训练方法。所谓互动式是指作者和读者之间的相互作用。所谓社会结构式是指文章和作品的写作是离不开集体的。强调写作的社会性，就是提倡学生的小组活动，通过讨论合作完成写作，使写作的过程变成作者和读者的交流和学习。七、树立写作的信心:1.Shoppingforafriend–aidememoire2.Writinginstructions3.Writingaboutfood4.Theperfectinstruction5.Representingself–personalwriting6.Simplifyingwriting7.Writinginstructionstoaccompanyapicturesequence(场景)8.Glossingatext–personalizingtext9.Recordingtelephonemessage10.Writingaweatherforecast11.Creatingcharacters–descriptionofpeople八、写作教学训练内容:Beforeyouwrite–thinklikeareader.1.Transitions（过渡词）:Pre-test;Post-test2.Subordination（从属句）:Pre-test;Post-test3.Parallelism（平行）:Pre-test;Post-test4.Topicsentence（主题句）:Pre-test;Post-test5.ControllingIdea（次中心）:Pre-test;Post-test6.Unity（一致）:Pre-test;Post-test7.Coherence（连贯）:Pre-test;Post-test九、写作教学训练内容解读:1.Transitions:Whenarunnerinarelayracepasseshiswandtoanotherteammember,histeamkeepsmovingahead.Whenawriterusestransitions,hekeepshisideasmovingahead2.Subordination:Whenpeoplewantedtolookespeciallygood,theyarewillingtospendmorethantheirbudgetallowsinordertohavethelatesthairstyle.Theleastimportantideaatthistime-savingmoney-issubordinatedtothemostimportantidea---havingattractivehair.Whenawriterwantstoshowareaderthatoneideainasentenceismoreimportantthananotheridea,thewriteralsosubordinatesthelessimportantidea.3.Parallelism:Tobecomeagoodskier,apersonlearnshowtokeepskisonparalleltrackswhilespeedingdownaslope.Parallelstructureinwritingalsomakesitpossibleforawritertomoveforwardsmoothly.4.Topicsentence:IfyouaimaFrisbeewell,yourpartnerwillbeabletocatchitmoreeasily.Andifawriterputsatopicsentenceinaparagraph,areaderwillbemorelikelytocatchtheparagraph’smainidea.5.ControllingIdea:Abackpackthatiswellfilledkeepsy