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阅读篇章1当前题号：第1-10题，总题数：50题LineLowwages,chronicunemploymentandunderemploymentleadtolowincome,lackofpropertyownership,absenceofsavings,absenceoffoodreservesinthehome,andachronicshortageofcash.Theseconditionsreducethepossibilityofeffectiveparticipationinthelargereconomicsystem.Andasaresponsetotheseconditionswefindinthecultureofpovertyahighincidenceofpawningpersonalgoods,borrowingfromlocalmoney-lendersathigherratesofinterest,spontaneousinformalcreditdevicesorganizedbyneighbors,theuseofsecondhandclothingandfurniture,andthepatternoffrequentbuyingofsmallquantitiesoffoodmanytimesadayastheneedarises.Peoplewithacultureofpovertyproduceverylittlewealthandreceiveverylittleinreturn.Theyhavealowlevelofliteracyandeducation,usuallydonotbelongtolaborunions,arenotmembersofpoliticalparties,generallydonotparticipateinthenationalwelfareagencies,andmakeverylittleuseofbanks,hospitals,departmentstores,museumsorartgalleries.Theyhaveacriticalattitudetowardsomeorthebasicinstitutionsofthedominantclasses,hatredofthepolice,mistrustofgovernment,andacynicismthatextendseventothechurch.ThisgivesthecultureofpovertyahighpotentialforprotestandforBeingusedinpoliticalmovementsaimedagainsttheexistingsocialorder.Peoplewithacultureofpovertyareawareofmiddle-classvalues,talkaboutthemandevenclaimsomeofthemastheirown,butonthewholetheydonotlivebythem.Thusitisimportanttodistinguishbetweenwhattheysayandwhattheydo.Forexample,manywilltellyouthatmarriagebylaw,bythechurch,orbybothistheidealformofmarriage,butfewwillmarry.Tomenwhohavenosteadyjobsorothersourcesofincome,whodonotownpropertyandhavenowealthtopassontotheirchildren,whoarepresent-timeorientedandwhowanttoavoidtheexpenseandlegaldifficultiesinvolvedinformalmarriageanddivorce,freeunionsorconsensualmarriagesmakealotofsense.Womenwilloftenturndownoffersofmarriagebecausetheyfeelittiesthemdowntomen.Womenfeelthatconsensualuniongivesthemabetterbreak;itgivesthemsomeofthefreedomandflexibilitythatmenhave.Bynotgivingthefathersoftheirchildrenlegalstatusashusbands,thewomenhaveastrongerclaimontheirchildreniftheydecidetoleavetheirmen.Italsogiveswomenexclusiverightstoahouseoranyotherpropertytheymayown.1.Accordingtothepassage,adefiningcharacteristicofpovertyisthatpoorpeople__________.A.areisolatedfromthemainstreamofsocietyB.lacktheskillstofinddecentjobsC.areresponsiblefortheirownpoverty5101520253035D.areconstantlyinastateofcrisis2.Theauthorofthepassageusesthephrase“cultureofpoverty”(Line6)tosuggestthat__________.A.thereareseveralclassificationsofpoorpeopleB.poorpeopleoftentakeprideintheirpovertyC.poorpeopleshareacommonethnicityD.povertyhasbecomeaprevailingwayoflifeforsomepeople3.Theword“incidence”inLine6isclosestinmeaningto__________.A.inflationB.introductionC.accidentD.occurrence4.Theword“literacy”inLine12referstotheabilityto__________.A.gotoschoolB.readandwriteC.understandmathD.receiveaneducation5.Byassertingthatthecultureofpovertycanbeusedbypoliticalmovements(Line19),theauthoris__________.A.cautioningagainstanuprisingbythepoorB.showinghowpovertymaythreatensocialstabilityC.callinguponthemiddleclasstofightagainstthepoorD.justifyingthemotivesofpoliticians6.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribespeoplewithacultureofpoverty?A.TheyworkhardbutreceivelittleinreturnB.They’recynicaltoallbutthechurchC.TheyusuallyignorethenationalwelfareagenciesD.Theyareeconomicallyactive7.Accordingtothelastparagraph,consensualunioncanprovidepoorwomenwhorefusetogetmarriedlegallywithallofthefollowingEXCEPT__________.A.afreechurchweddingorcivilceremonyB.someofthefreedomandflexibilitythatmenhaveC.astrongerclaimontheirchildrenwhentheywanttoleavetheirmenD.rightstoahouseoranyotherproperty8.Aconclusioncanbedrawnfromthelastparagraphthatmenandwomeninthecultureofpoverty__________.A.considerthemselvesunworthyoflegalmarriageB.prefernottobeinrelationshipC.avoidlegalizedmarriagesforpracticalandeconomicreasonsD.donottrusteachothertobefaithfulhusbandsandwives9.Inthediscussionofpoverty,theauthorismostlikelytoagreethatpoverty__________.A.ismorewidespreadthanmostpeoplethinkB.cannotbeeliminatedC.weakensthefabricofsocietyD.meansmorethanlackofmoney10.Theword“it”inLine37refersto__________.A.abetterbreakB.legalstatusC.consensualunionD.illegalmarriage篇章2当前题号：第11-20题，总题数：50题；LineCarsaccountforhalftheoilconsumedintheU.S.,abouthalftheurbanpollutionandone-fourthofthegreenhousegases.Theytakeasimilartollofresourcesinotherindustrialnationsandinthecitiesofthedevelopingworld.Asvehicleusecontinuestoincreaseinthecomingdecade,theU.S.andothercountrieswillhavetodealwiththeseissuesorelsefaceunacceptableeconomic,health-relatedandpoliticalcosts.ItisunlikelythatoilpriceswillremainattheircurrentlowlevelorthatothernationswillacceptalargeandgrowingU.S.contributiontoglobalclimatechange.Policymakersandindustryhavefouroptions:reducevehicleuse,increasetheefficiencyandreducetheemissionsofconventionalgasoline-poweredvehicles,switchtolessharmfulfuels,orfindlesspollutingdrivingsystems.Thelastofthese—inparticulartheintroductionofvehiclespoweredbyelectricity—isultimatelytheonlysustainableoption.Theotheralternativ