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专题十三构词法(词类转换)⊙怎么考词语的派生是语法填空题的必考点之一，考查考生在理解上下语境的基础上，由所给词派生出其他词来。通常涉及形容词与副词之间的转换；动词(或名词)加后缀变成形容词的转换；动词加后缀变成名词的转换；形容词加后缀变成名词的转换；动词加后缀变成“人”的名词转换；加否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀的转换等。⊙怎么学在平时的学习中，注意积累常用后缀及前缀的用法，同时积累常用词的转化。⊙怎么解首先要分析句子结构，看空格处要填的词在句子中充当什么成分；然后回顾思考充当这一成分需要哪类词，再看括号中所给词是什么词类，应如何将其转换成所需词类。Ⅰ.体验考向单句语法填空1.(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Abercrombie&Kent，atravelcompanyinHongKong，saysit________(regular)arrangesquickgetawayshereforpeoplelivinginShanghaiandHongKong.2.(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Inadditiontotheirsimplebeauty，whatmakestheadobedwellingsadmirableistheir________(able)to“aircondition”ahousewithoutusingelectricequipment.3.(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)Thereweremanypeoplewaitingatthebusstop，andsomeofthemlookedveryanxiousand________(disappoint).4.(2014·广东卷)Shewas________(surprise)helpful.5.(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)Everyoneonthebusbegantalkingaboutwhattheboyhaddone，andthecrowdofstrangers________(sudden)becamefriendlytooneanother.答案1.regularly[定期为人们安排到这儿的旅行。此处应该使用副词regularly作状语修饰动词arrange。]2.ability[考查词性。空前面是形容词性物主代词their，其后面需要用名词。]3.disappointed[disappointed和前面的anxious并列，形容等车人的心情。]4.surprisingly[考查副词。修饰形容词helpful，用副词。]5.suddenly[此处需要副词修饰动词became。]Ⅱ.考点集训集训❶用所给词的适当形式填空1.(2014·福建卷)Iwasabouttogiveupwhenmyfathercameand________(encouragement)metokeepgoing.2.(2013·广东卷)“Thatwouldbeavery________(reason)thingtodoinabigcity，butitcoulddestroyasmallvillagelikeours，”Nicksaid.3.(2013·广东卷)Butsuchasmallthingcouldn’t________(possible)destroyavillage.4.(2013·福建卷)Parents________(arrangement)everythingfortheirchildrenandsparenoefforttopavethewayfortheirsuccess.5.(2012·广东卷)Maryfelt________(please)，becausethereweremanyemptyseatsintheroom.6.Ihaven’tseenSarasinceshewasalittlegirl，andshehaschangedbeyond________(recognize).7.Thebossshowedhis________(appreciate)ofTom’shardworkinthecompanybyraisinghispayto$5，000amonth.8.Youcan________(large)yourvocabularyifyoukeeponmemorizingsomenewwordseveryday.答案1.encouraged2.reasonable3.possibly4.arrange5.pleased6.recognition7.appreciation8.enlarge集训❷根据所给提示词，完成下列短文，然后朗读或背诵，在语境中体会构词法。Fromthe__1__(express)onMary’sface，heknewheleftabad__2__(impress)onherandifshewonthe__3__(elect)tobecomechairmanoftheEnvironment__4__(organize)，hecouldnotgether__5__(permit)tojoinitalthoughhewaswillingtodohisbittoridtheworldof__6__(pollute)andtohelppeopleenjoyabetterearth.Whenhewaswonderinghowtochangethisembarrassingsituation，hegot__7__(inspire)fromhiswife’swords.Yes，heshouldtryhisbesttowintheelectionandbecomechairmanhimselfwithhis__8__(determine)toworkfortheorganization.“Mydear，youarereallyawonderful__9__(help)！I’msureIwillbethe__10__(win)oftheelection.”Hesaidtohiswifeexcitedly.答案1.expression2.impression3.election4.Organization5.permission6.pollution7.inspiration8.determination9.helper10.winner■知识胸有成竹一、常考前缀1.表示否定或相反意义的前缀dis-，mis-，un-，il-，im-，in-，ir-，non-，anti-：disagree，misunderstand，unwilling，illegal，impossible，nonstop2.形容词变动词的前缀en-：able→enable；large→enlarge，rich→enrich3.其他inter-相互，over-超过；re-重新，ex-以前的，super-超，vice-副：interaction，overweight，reuse，ex-husband，supernatural，vice-chairman二、常考后缀1.形容词＋ly变成副词：real→really，angry→angrily，possible→possibly。2.动词或名词变成形容词的后缀-able，-ful，-ous，-y，-al，-ible，-ive，-ary：nature→natural，use→useful，continue→continuous，health→healthy。3.动词变名词的后缀-al，-ance，-ence，-tion，-ssion，-ment，-ture，-y：arrive→arrival，appear→appearance，exist→existence，invite→invitation。4.形容词变名词的后缀-cy，-dom，-ence，-th，-age，-ty，-ity：fluent→fluence，wise→wisdom，silent→silence，grow→growth，safe→safety。5.表示人的后缀-er，-or，-ist，-ee，-ess，-ese，-an，-ian，-ant：teacher，inventor，artist，employee，Chinese，American，musician，servant。6.表示否定的后缀-less：hopeless，endless，fearless，careless，treeless，meaningless。7.形容词变动词的后缀-en，-fy：broad→broaden，class→classify。8.名词变动词的后缀-ize：apology→apologize。三、转化法1.名词→动词：backn.背→vt.支持，seatn.座→容纳2.动词→名词：walk→takeawalk，survey→makeasurvey3.形容词→动词：slowadj.慢的→v.减慢四、合成法1.名词＋名词→名词：classroom，teamwork，newspaper2.形容词＋名词→名词：blackboard，highway3.副词＋名词→名词：overcoat，underground，outbreak4.副词＋动词→动词：update，overlook5.名词＋动词→动词：sun-bathe，proof-read6.名词＋分词→形容词：man-made，hand-made，peace-keeping7.形容词＋分词→形容词：good-looking集训❸奔向高考阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。Whenyoudecideyou’regoingtolivealone，yougetupset.Thisis__1__(nature).Butthere’snoneedtoget__2__(worry).Belowaresomeideas__3__canhelpyouout.Savingmoneyis__4__youneedtostartseveralmonthsbeforeyoumoveout.Youneedtosaveenoughmoney__5__(help)yousurviveforatleastamonthinthenewplace.The__6__(easy)ofallwaysistospendless!Searchforaplacetoliveinbefore__7__(move)out.Makesurethattheplaceyouchooseisinagoodlocation.Besides，youcanafford__8__.Ifyou’regoingtostayinanexpensivecity，findaroommatesothatyoucansharetheexpenses.Andifyouhavetolive__9__yourownforalongtime，you’llhavetolookforapart-timejob.Ifyou’re__10__student，youcanworkinrestaurants，theaters，etc.Anddon’tspendalotofmoneyinawastefulway！Tryandsaveeverypennyofwhatyouearn.答案1.natural[考查形容词。句意：当你决定单独生活时，你变得沮丧，这是自然的。分析句子成分可知，空处作表语，故此处需要用nature的形容词形式。]2.worried[考查形容词。getworried“担心，担忧”。]3.that[考查定语从句。句意：下面是一些帮助你摆脱困境的方法。因为先行词前有不定代词some修饰，所以此处用that引导限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语代替先行词ideas。]4.what[考查表语从句。句意：在你搬出去的几个月之前，你就需要开始存钱。what引导表语从句，并在从句中作宾语。]5.tohelp[考查非谓语动词。句意：你需要