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CollegeEnglishforInternationalBusinessRobin2011Contents•Internationalbusiness•Globaleconomiccrisisof2008•G20•Economicterms•Vocabulary•AssignmentInternationalBusiness•Internationalbusinessisatermusedtocollectivelydescribeallcommercialtransactions(privateandgovernmental,sales,investments,logistics,andtransportation)thattakeplacebetweentwoormorenations.Usually,privatecompaniesundertakesuchtransactionsforprofit;governmentsundertakethemforprofitandforpoliticalreasons.Itreferstoallthosebusinessactivitieswhichinvolvescrossbordertransactionsofgoods,services,resourcesbetweentwoormorenations.Transactionofeconomicresourcesincludecapital,skills,peopleetc.forinternationalproductionofphysicalgoodsandservicessuchasfinance,banking,insurance,constructionetc.•Amultinationalenterprise(MNE)isacompanythathasaworldwideapproachtomarketsandproductionoronewithoperationsinmorethanacountry.AnMNEisoftencalledmultinationalcorporation(MNC)ortransnationalcompany(TNC).WellknownMNCsincludefastfoodcompaniessuchasMcDonald'sandYumBrands,vehiclemanufacturerssuchasGeneralMotors,FordMotorCompanyandToyota,consumerelectronicscompanieslikeSamsung,LGandSony,andenergycompaniessuchasExxonMobil,ShellandBP.Mostofthelargestcorporationsoperateinmultiplenationalmarkets.•Areasofstudywithinthistopicincludedifferencesinlegalsystems,politicalsystems,economicpolicy,language,accountingstandards,laborstandards,livingstandards,environmentalstandards,localculture,corporateculture,foreignexchangemarket,tariffs,importandexportregulations,tradeagreements,climate,educationandmanymoretopics.Eachofthesefactorsrequiressignificantchangesinhowindividualbusinessunitsoperatefromonecountrytothenext.•Theconductofinternationaloperationsdependsoncompanies'objectivesandthemeanswithwhichtheycarrythemout.Theoperationsaffectandareaffectedbythephysicalandsocietalfactorsandthecompetitiveenvironment.•Operations•Objectives:salesexpansion,resourceacquisition,riskminimization•Means•Modes:importingandexporting,tourismandtransportation,licensingandfranchising,turnkeyoperations,managementcontracts,directinvestmentandportfolioinvestments.•Functions:marketing,globalmanufacturingandsupplychainmanagement,accounting,finance,humanresources•Overlayingalternatives:choiceofcountries,organizationandcontrolmechanisms•Physicalandsocietalfactors•Politicalpoliciesandlegalpractices•Culturalfactors•Economicforces•Geographicalinfluences•Competitivefactors•Majoradvantageinprice,marketing,innovation,orotherfactors.•Numberandcomparativecapabilitiesofcompetitors•Competitivedifferencesbycountry•Therehasbeengrowthinglobalizationinrecentdecadesduetothefollowingeightfactors:1.Technologyisexpanding,especiallyintransportationandcommunications.2.Governmentsareremovinginternationalbusinessrestrictions.3.Institutionsprovideservicestoeasetheconductofinternationalbusiness.1.Consumersknowaboutandwantforeigngoodsandservices.2.Competitionhasbecomemoreglobal.3.Politicalrelationshipshaveimprovedamongsomemajoreconomicpowers.4.Countriescooperatemoreontransnationalissues.5.Cross-nationalcooperationandagreements.•Studyinginternationalbusinessisimportantbecause:•Mostcompaniesareeitherinternationalorcompetewithinternationalcompanies.•Modesofoperationmaydifferfromthoseuseddomestically.•Thebestwayofconductingbusinessmaydifferbycountry.•Anunderstandinghelpsyoumakebettercareerdecisions.•Anunderstandinghelpsyoudecidewhatgovernmentalpoliciestosupport.•Managersininternationalbusinessmustunderstandsocialsciencedisciplinesandhowtheyaffectallfunctionalbusinessfields.SixTenets•Takeadvantageoftradeagreements:thinkoutsidetheborder•Familiarizeyourselfwithpreferenceprogramsandtradeagreements.•Readthefineprint（契约中）难懂的条文.•Participateintheprocess.•Seizeopportunitieswhentheyarise.•Protectyourbrandatallcosts•Youandyourbrandareinseparable.•Youmustbevigilant警惕的inprotectingyourintellectualpropertybothathomeandabroad.•YoumustbevigilantinenforcingyourIPrights.•Protectyourworldwidereputationbystrictadherencetolaborandhumanrightsstandards.•Maintainhighethicalstandards•Strongethicstranslateintogoodbusiness.•Forgeethicalstrategicpartnerships.•Understandcorporateaccountabilitylaws.•Becomeinvolvedwiththeinternationalbusinessself-regulationmovement.•Developcompliance依从protocolsforimportandexportoperations.•Memorializeyourcompany'scodeofethicsandcompliancepracticesinwriting.•Appointaleader.•Staysecureinaninsecureworld•Securityrequirestransparencythroughoutthesupplychain.•Participateintrade-governmentpartnerships.•Makethemostofnewsecuritymeasures.•Secureyourdata.•Keepyourpersonnelsecure.•ExpecttheUnexpected•Theunexpectedwillhappen.•Doyourresearchnow.•Addressyourparticularcircumstances.•Allglobalbusinessispersonal•Gotothesource.•Keepcommunicationsopen.•Keepthehomeofficeoperational.•Flytheflagatyouroverseaslocations.•Relatetooffshoreassociatesonapersonallevel.•Beavailabletooverseasclientsandcustomers24/7.globaleconomiccrisisof2008•Theglobaleconomiccrisisof2008wastriggeredinitiallybyproblemsintheUScreditandhousingmarkets,butfromtherehasspreadtotherestoftheworld'seconomie