Criminallaw法律英语刑法

Criminallaw1.Whatarethecrimesandcriminallaw?2.CriminalProcedure(美国刑法的程序)3.Criminallawclassification(美国刑法的分类)4.CapitalPunishment(死刑)5.Criminalliability（刑事责任）WhatdoUthinkofCRIMES?what•Somepeoplethinkthatcrimethatcanbedefinedforthemoreseriousoffenceagainstpersonorproperty,thereareanumberofacts,andsomeomissions,whicharesubjecttothecrminallawyetdonotcausesuchathreat.•一些人们认为，犯罪就是侵犯人们身体和财产的作为或者不作为的行为,比如恐吓。SomeFamoussay:•Givingthekillerwhathedeserves.•让犯罪的人罪有应得。•Itisbettertofightforjusticethantorailattheill.--AlfredsTennyson,Britishwriter•与其责骂罪恶，不如伸张正义。--英国作家丁尼生ABUTAMANSAID：•Hatethesinbutnotthesinnner!•可恨的是罪行而不是罪犯。•Yes，inmyopinions,tobeaccurate,wecanonlysaythatcrimeisanyactoromissionthatiscontrarytothecriminallaw.•是的，在我看来，准确的说犯罪就是任何违背刑法的行为。Whatisthecriminallaw?•Thecriminallawcanbeclassifiedintocriminallawinabroadsenseandcriminallawinanarrowsense.刑法有广义刑法与狭义刑法之分。•广义刑法是指一切规定犯罪、刑事责任和刑罚的法律规范的总和，包括刑法典、单行刑法以及非刑事法律中的刑事责任条款。Criminallawinabroadsensereferstoallstipulationcrime,thelegalresponsibilityandpenalty'slegalnormsumtotal,includingpenalcode,inspecificcriminallawaswellasnon-criminallawlegalresponsibilityprovision.•Criminallawinanarrowsensereferstothepenalcode.Thecriminallawpunishesthecrime,maintainsthesocialstabilitythemostimportantlaw,forcesthedevotingbackingbythecountry.狭义刑法是指刑法典。刑法是惩治犯罪,维护社会安定的最重要的法律,由国家强制力作后盾.CriminalProcedureThelawgoverningthatseriesofproceduresthroughwhichthesubstantivecriminalisenforced.TheAmericansystemofcriminalprocedureis“adversarial”.Theproceduralstepscarryacasefromstarttofinishwithintheprocess.TheStepsinatypicalfelonycase:Step1:TheReportedCrime(or“knownoffense”)Step2:PrearrestInvestigation(includethreebasicgroups)Step3:ArrestStep4:BookingStep5:Post-ArrestInvestigation(willvarywiththefactsituation)Step6:TheDecisiontoChargeStep7:FillingtheComplaintStep8:MagistrateReviewoftheArrestStep9:TheFirstAppearance(aquitebriefproceeding)Step10:PreliminaryHearingStep11:GrandJuryReview(theprimaryfunction)Step12:TheFilingoftheIndictmentorInformationStep13:ArraignmentontheInformationorIndictmentStep14:PretrialMotionsStep15:TheTrial(theuniquefeatures)Step16:Sentencing(threedifferenttypesmaybeused)Step17:AppealsAmericancriminallawclassification美国刑法种类•1.CriminalACTSendangeringdegree（犯罪行为危害程度）：felony（重罪），misdemeanor(轻罪）1962，modelpenalcode《模范刑法典》Accordingtothecrimeisdividedintofourgradespunishmentweight（按刑罚轻重把犯罪分为四等）：felony（重罪），misdemeanor(轻罪），pettymisdemeanor(微罪），violation(违警罪）•Felonydividedinto3：Level1,level2,Level3（重罪分为三级）•Nomorethanoneyear'simprisonmentpenaltymisdemeanor（轻罪刑罚不超过一年监禁）•Amaximumsentenceofmicrosin30daysinprison（微罪最高刑期为30天监禁）•Violationspunishacrimeonlybefined（违警罪只能判处罚金）•2.Thenatureofcrime（犯罪本身的性质）：maluminse(邪恶的罪），malumprohibitsin(法规禁止的罪）•maluminse(邪恶的罪）：murder（杀人）setonfire（放火）adultery（奸淫）steal（盗窃）malumprohibitsin(法规禁止的罪）：drunkendriving（酒后开车）drivingthroughtheroadwithoutpayMaiLuQianshut（行车通过路关而不付买路钱）operatingmachineryon-screen(经营机械赌具)thesinofviolationofeconomiclawsandregulations(违反经济法规的罪)•3.LegaloriginAngle(法律渊源角度）：Common-lawsin（普通法罪）Enactedlawsin（制定法罪）•4.Otherclassification（其他分类）Crimeconstitutionform（犯罪构成形态）：completesin(完整罪）inchoatecrime（不完整罪）Criminalprincipalamount（犯罪主体数量）：separatesin(单独犯罪）fellowshiponcrime(共同犯罪）Criminalprincipaltypes(犯罪主体类型)：crimebyanaturalperson(自然人犯罪）legalpersoncommitssin(法人犯罪）Crimesubjectisthepsychologicalstate(犯罪主体心理状态）：intentionallycrime（故意罪）negligentcrime(过失罪）Criminalityinfringeuponsocialinterests(犯罪行为所侵犯的社会利益)：assaultandattery(侵犯人身罪）qufringedresidentialsin(侵犯住宅罪）crimeofpropertyviolation(侵犯财产罪）damageofmoralyuiltlmale(损害公共道德罪）toendangerpublicorderofsin(危害公共秩序罪）disruptgovernmentmanagementthecrime(妨害政府管理罪）Punishment---Sentencingsystemisaverybroadcontent.Aggravatingcircumstances(加重情节）Reduceplot(减轻情节）Recidivistandpleadedguilty(累犯和认罪）Mylecturetopics：Deathpenaltysentencingplot（死刑的量刑情节）Basicsituation•Americancriminallawnospecificreflectaboutthedeathpenaltysentencingsystem,butthescopeofthebasiclimitfirst-degreemurderjustexecuted,consideringtheconsequencesofamurder.Othermusttrytogiveeveryopportunitydecreasesvictimisedsuspectsmiscalculation.•美国刑法没有具体的体现关于死刑的量刑制度，但范围基本限定一级谋杀才执行死刑，考虑到有杀人的后果。其他的都尽量的给予一切的机会减少对犯罪嫌疑人的错判误判。Murder-Malicemurder蓄意谋杀罪-Intentionallyinjurymurder故意重伤谋杀罪-Extremethoughtlessofmurder极端轻率谋杀罪-Felony–murder重罪—谋杀罪Manslaughter-Voluntarymanslaughter自愿性非恶意杀人，故意杀人（比如激情犯罪crimeofpassion）-involuntaryhomicide过失杀人Theinfluenceoftheroughlysentencingplotsystemdiagram（大致影响量刑体系图）Aggravatingcircumstances(加重情节）•(1)Abouttheaggravatingcircumstancesoffendercharacteraspects,suchascriminalrecordandfuturerisk;关于犯罪人品格方面的加重情节,例如犯罪记录和未来的危险性;•(2)whentheconcerningtheimplementationofcrimeofaggravatingcircumstanceskillersattitude.关于实施犯罪时杀人犯的态度的加重情节•(3)theaggravatingcircumstancesaboutthevictimidentity关于被害人身份的加重情节Reduceplot(减轻情节）•ThefederalSupremeCourtruledthatalmostalloftheaccusedfavorable,aslightplotandPutsforwardtheevidencemustentersentencingconsiderations.联邦最高法院认为几乎所有对被告有利的、作为从轻情节而提出的证据都必须进入量刑考量。•Thedefendantconduct被告品行•Criminalrecord犯罪记录•Thefactsofthecrimerelevantevidence犯罪事实的有关证据.Forexample,Ifthede