翻译答案Unit1Urbanforestryinvolves(refersto/isconcernedwith)forestryactivitiesintroducingforestryfromwildlands(fields)andcountryside(ruralregions)topopulouscitieswhereeconomy,culture,industryandbusiness(commerce)areconcentrated.Mostmetropolitancitiesarecurrentlyprosperousbutnoisy(clamorous)withdeterioratingecologicalenvironment.Peoplelivinginsuchacrowdedandnarrowcityspacesufferfromaworsening(declining)physicalquality.Todevelopurbanforestrycanbeautifyenvironment,purifyair,reducenoiseandadjustlocalclimate(microclimate),sothatthelivingqualityofurbanpeoplecanbeimproved.Generally,urbanforestryhasprovidedanewapproachtotheurbanenvironmentalproblems.社区的物质框架结构被称为它的基础设施。这些在城市里发挥作用的庞然大物可以被分为绿色和灰色两种。绿色结构是为乔木、灌木、草地所覆盖的区域,而灰色结构指建筑、道路、公用事业设备、停车场的所在。绿色结构是渗水的,土壤让水渗进去,自然地过滤掉污染物,然后水进入河流。灰色结构却不能穿透,它迫使水走向地面,入河之前一定要经过处理和清洁。作为城市绿色结构的树木,它们的作用和灰色结构不同,但尚无充分文字记载。由于树木没有量化的价值指标,因此没有把它们考虑进预算程序之中。城市绿色结构的大小、形态、方位可以被度量,它们在公用事业中发挥的作用可以进行准确计算。尽管灰绿结构对一个城市都很重要,但利用土地尽力营造绿色结构的社区就能避免更多污染物,使运营成本效力更高,因此更宜居住。不过对于地方政府管理者来说,平衡灰色和绿色结构就成为一个很严重的挑战。Unit3ChinaisoneofthecountriesboastingtherichestbiodiversityandalsooneoftheearliestadoptingtheConventiononBiologicalDiversity.TheChineseGovernmenthashighlyvaluedtheworkofbiodiversityconservationbyformulatingandenforcingaseriesofrelatedlawsandregulations,sothatalegalsystemontheconservationandbiodiversityhasfundamentallyformed.Inaddition,ithasestablishedandconsolidatedthecoordinationmechanismontheimplementationoftheConventiononBiologicalDiversityaswellastheschemeofInter-ministerialJointMeetingonbiologicalspeciesresources,laiddownandissuedtheNationalActionPlanontheConservationofBiodiversityofChinaandotherrelatedplansinthisregard,basedonwhichvariousrelevantsectorshavemappedoutandexecutedtheirownactionplans.Unit5Agriculturestillhas/(shoulders/takes)theresponsibilitytofeedtheentireworldinspiteof/(despite)theserious(tough/big/severe)challengeofclimatechange.Agricultureneedstoproducemorefood,wasteless,andmakeiteasierforfarmerstohavetheirproducesent/(gettheirproduce)toconsumers.Besides,agriculturehastofindways/approaches/methodstoreducenegativeimpactsresultedfromenvironmentalchange—includingloweringgreenhousegasemissions,planning/managingfoodsecurityandruraldevelopmentasawhole,etc.Onlythroughthedevelopmentofagriculturalhightechnologycantheaboveberealized/Alltheseareonlypossiblethroughthedevelopmentofagriculturalhightechnology.无土栽培或水培法是一种在营养液(含有营养物质的水)中栽培植物的技术,它可以使用或不使用人工基质(如沙、砾石、蛭石、岩棉、珍珠岩、或锯末)为植物提供支持。水培法一词源于希腊词汇hydro(水)和ponos(劳作)的结合。水培园艺如日常园艺一样容易操作。两者都需要有充足的光照、水分供应和适宜的温湿度。但是水培法不使用土壤。自然条件下,土壤充当着储存矿物营养的角色,但土壤本身对植物生长来说并不是必不可少的。当土壤中的矿物营养物溶解于水时,植物根茎才得以吸收。若植物所需的矿物营养物由人工添加入其水分供应中,土壤就不再是植物茁壮生长所必需的条件了。几乎所有的陆生植物都能用水培法来栽种。这种技术还具有产量高,节水省地,保护环境的特点。Unit6Chineseagriculturehastochoosethewayofalow-carbondevelopmentwhichischaracterizedbybeingresources-saving,production-clean,environment-friendlyandquality-efficiency-oriented.Therefore,intermsoftechnology,greateffortsmustbemadetodevelopaseriesofkeytechnologiesandpromote/spreadtheirpracticalapplication,suchasresources-savingtechnologiesincludingenergy-saving,soil-saving,water-saving,fertilizer-saving,insecticides-saving/pesticides-saving,seeds-saving,materials-savingandlabor-savingtechnologies,andsoon,technologiesofreducingtheuseofagriculturalchemicalsanddevelopingtheirsubstitutes,technologiesofcultivatingnewplantspecieswithhighlightabsorptionandcarbonsequestration,technologyofsoilcarbonsequestration,technologiesofdevelopingcleanenergies,technologiesofdevelopingcleanenvironment-friendlyproduction,technologiesofpoison-freedisposalandreclamationofwastes,andsoon.农业在食物生产、能源生产、自然资源管理及土地使用各环节中的重要作用使得它在向低碳经济转型的过程中占据了中心位置,因此,测量不同农产品和各种农业活动中产生的温室气体是非常重要的。通过一种从“摇篮到坟墓”的生命周期分析可计算出环境(生态)脚印。在这一分析系统中,通过量化和评估某一产品生命周期各个阶段(从资源的开发、原材料的使用和生产到该产品的生产、使用、重复使用直至其最终处理)所消耗的资源和在环境中的碳排放量可以评估该产品所有的潜在环境影响。农业生态脚印也是以这种方式计算得出的。Unit7TheenactmentoftheCityPlanningActin1989isamajormilestonetore-establishandformalize(regularize)theurbanplanningsysteminChina.But,therearestillmanydeficienciesoftheurbanplanningsystemincopingwiththerapidlychangingsocio-economicenvironment.Someofthesedeficienciescanbetracedbacktothepastplannedeconomyera,andsomeareintrinsicproblemsoftheCityPlanningAct.Attemptsarebeingmade(Experimentsaretakingplace)inChinesecitieswhichaimtoprovidebetterguidanceandsupervisiontourbanplanninganddevelopmentcontrolfromaplannedeconomytoatransitionalone.自然是一个无处不在,且环拥城市的整体。这一理念对城市的建造和维护以及每个居民的健康、安全和福利都有相当大的意义。不幸的是传统一直将城市和自然对立起来。城市是脱离自然的实体,甚至与自然格格不入,这样的观念主导着人们对城市的认识并继续影响城市的建设,由此恶化甚至带来许多城市环境问题,例如:空气和水受到污染;资源枯竭无法挽回;破坏力大的洪水频发;能源需求和建设维护成本都高于城市化之前;此外,许多城市遍布着丑陋景象。除了污染程度,新污染物的毒性和持久性,以及地球城市化范围等方面,那些困扰着古代城市的问题与现代都市的问题从本质上讲没什么不同。随着城市增长,这些问题变的更加紧迫,然而,它们仍被当作是独立的现象而与人类活动无关,对自然过程的忽视更加剧了城市问题。Unit9FamedforOrientalVenice,Suzhoutopsallotherscitiesinboththenumberandtheartistryofgardens.TracingbacktotheSpringandAutumnperiod,theearliestgardensinSuzhoubelongstothekingofWu.Recordedastheearliestprivategarden,Pijianghousedatesfromthe4thcenturyEasternJinDynasties.Followingthat,Suzhou'sartofgardeninghasundergoneahistoryof1,500years.Originatedfromthedesireto