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名词性从句一、名词性从句的连接词1．连接词that，whether和if(1)whether与if的用法比较二者均可作“是否”讲，都可以引导名词性从句，引导宾语从句时可以互换。Idon'tknowwhether/ifhe'llattendthemeeting.在下列情况下，常用whether，不用if。①whether引导从句可以放于句首。Whetherhecomesornotmakesnodifference.②whether可引导表语从句和同位语从句，if不可。Thequestioniswhetheritisworthtrying.Thequestionwhetherheshouldjointheteamhasnotbeendecidedupon.③whether可以作介词宾语，if则不可。Ihaven'tsettledtheproblemofwhetherI'lllendhimthemoney.④whether后可以加不定式，if不可。Hedidn'tknowwhethertogetmarriedortowait.⑤可以用whether...or引导让步状语从句，意为“无论，不论”，if则不可。Whetheritrainsorsnows，Idon'tcare.2．连接代词引导名词性从句的连接代词有：who，whom，whose，what，which，whatever，whichever，whoever。连接代词在句中既起连接作用，同时又充当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。3．连接副词引导名词性从句的连接副词有：when，where，how，why。连接副词在句中既是连接词，又作状语。二、主语从句1．主语从句在复合句中充当主语，大多数主语从句都可以用it作形式主语而把主语从句置于句尾。2．that引导主语从句时可用it作形式主语，that不可省；what引导的主语从句表示“……的东西”时，一般不用it作形式主语；whatever，whoever，whichever一般也不用it作形式主语。Thatshewillsucceediscertain.→Itiscertainthatshewillsucceed.Whatheneedsismoreexperience.(1)It＋系动词＋形容词(necessary，right，likely，unlikely，wrong，important，certain，clear，obvious，strange，normal等)＋that从句Itiscertainthatmostofthefarmershavebroughtinmoremoneybyallmeans.(2)It＋be＋名词(短语)(apity，ashame，goodnews，afact，anhonour，awonder，nowonder等)＋that从句It'snowonderthatyou'veachievedsomuchsuccess.(3)It＋be＋过去分词(said，told，heard，reported，decided，suggested，advised，ordered，remembered，thought，considered，wellknown，announced等)＋that从句Itissaidthattheprofessorhasalreadysucceededincarryingouttheexperiment.(4)It＋特殊动词(seem，appear，happen，matter)＋that从句IthappenedtomethatIhadbeenawaywhenhecalled.注意：(1)在“Itisnecessary，important，strange，natural＋that从句”结构中，从句常用“(should＋)动词原形”形式。(2)在“It＋be＋suggested，advised，ordered，requested，insisted，required＋that从句”结构中，that从句应用“(should＋)动词原形”。三、宾语从句1．动词的宾语从句(1)大多数动词(hope，tell，say等)可以带宾语从句。Weallexpectthattheywillwin，formembersoftheirteamarestronger.Idon'tthinkyouareright.Idon'tsupposehecares，doeshe?(2)动词find，feel，think，consider，make，believe等后有宾语补足语时，则需要it作形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置。Ithinkitnecessarythatwetakeplentyofboiledwatereveryday.(3)有些动词带宾语从句时习惯上需要在宾语从句前加it。这类动词(词组)有hate，enjoy，like，love，dislike，seeto等。Ihateitwhentheytalkwiththeirmouthsfull.2．一般情况下介词后只能用wh类连接词引导宾语从句。Wearetalkingaboutwhetherweadmitstudentsintoourclub.注意：(1)where引导的从句有时也可用作介词的宾语。Wecouldseethetemplequiteclearlyfromwherewelived.(2)that引导的从句作介词的宾语是很少有的，只有在except，in，but等介词后偶尔可能用到。Yourcompositionisquitegoodexceptthattheorganizationisabitloose.3．sure，certain，glad，pleased，happy，surprised等表示“情感”的形容词后也可带宾语从句。I'msurethattheywillmakeitinspiteoftheterribleweather.四、表语从句1．主句的主语是idea，advice，suggestion，order，request，requirement等名词时，表语从句的谓语应用虚拟语气，即“(should＋)动词原形”的形式。Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)changeourcourse.2．主语为名词reason时，表语从句中的连接词要用that，而不用why或because。Thereasonforsuchaseriousaccidentisthatthedriverwastoocarelessanddranktoomuch.3．because，asif，asthough，as，like等连接词也可引导表语从句。Hehasheartdisease.Thatisbecausehehasbeensmokingtoomuch.五、同位语从句同位语从句是用以解释说明某一名词内容和实质的从句。1．能接同位语从句的名词有：belief，fact，hope，idea，doubt，news，conclusion，suggestion，problem，order，answer，decision，explanation，information，thought等。2．同位语从句一般用that引导，但也可以用连接代词(what，which，who)、连接副词(when，where，why，how)或whether引导。Ihavenoideawhathashappenedtohim.3．有时同位语从句不紧跟在它所说明的某个名词后，而是被别的词隔开。ThestorygoesthatWilliamTelldidkillthekingwiththatsword.六、名词性从句的几个难点1．that通常不可省略的四种情况：(1)引导主语从句，that置于句首时不可省略。Thathefailedintheexammadehisparentsdisappointed.(2)当一个句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时，引导第二个和以后几个从句的that不可省略。Iwished(that)wecouldgosightinginHangzhouthissummerandthatwecouldbuysomebooksonourwaybackinShanghai.(3)在由it作形式宾语，that引导的宾语从句中，that也不可省略。Hehasmadeitclearthathewouldn'tagreetotheplan.(4)引导表语从句和同位语从句时，that也不可省略。2．what与that的区别：what在从句中充当一定成分并且具有特定含义“……的人(地方、东西等)”；that只起引导作用，在主语从句中不充当任何成分并且也没有含义。Whathesaidwastrue.Thathecamelatemadetheteacherangry.用适当的连接词填空1．Theemployersoftengivethejobto________theybelievehasworkexperiencewithastrongsenseofduty.2．________lifebeganontheearthisoneofthebiggestpuzzlestoscientists.3．—Whatareyouworryingabout?—Itis________thereisanychanceofbeinginfectedbyA(H1N1)virus.4.Afterafivehourdrive，theyreached________theythoughtwastherightplace________theyhadbeendreamingof.5．Somepeoplebelieve________hashappenedbeforeorishappeningnowwillrepeatitselfinthefuture.6．Exactly__________thepotatowasintroducedintoEuropeisuncertain,butitwasprobablyaround1565.7．—Whatmadehersoupset?—________shefailedinhermidtermexamination.8．—IsittruethatMikerefusedanofferfromYaleUniversityyesterday?—Yeah,butIhavenoidea__________hedidit;that'soneofhisfavoriteuniversities.【答案】1.whoever2.How3.whether4．what；that5.whatever6.when7.That8．why