大学英语写作之词汇

LectureTwoTheSentenceOutlineCompleteSentencesandSentenceFragmentsTypesofSentencesEffectiveSentencesSkillsinWritingSentencesCommonMistakesCorrectionCompleteSentencesandSentenceFragmentsAgrammaticallycompletesentenceisonethatcontainsatleastasubjectandapredicateverb;iftheverbistransitive,theremustbeanobject;iftheverbisalinkverb,theremustbeapredicativeorcomplement.Attributesandadverbials,thoughtheyarenotessentialelementsofasentence,helptomakethemeaningclearorcomplete：Hecame.Hecametotheclassroomveryearly.Shewrotealetter.Shewrotealonglettertoherparents.Dr.Smithisaprofessor.Dr.Smithisawell-knownprofessorofphysics.IammajorinEnglish.ImajorinEnglish.Thenumberyoudialedisnotexist.Pleasecheckanddialitagain.Thenumberyoudialeddoesnotexist.Pleasecheckanddialitagain.Finally,hebecametobeinterestedinart.Finally,hebecameinterestedinart.Finally,hecametobeinterestedinart.Ourcountryhastgakenplaceagreatchangeinmanyfield.Greatchangehastakenplaceinmanyfieldsinourcountry.Butitmayoccursomenewproblems.Butitmayoccursomenewproblems.Idon’tsatisfiedwithmyEnglish.IamnotsatisfiedwithmyEnglish.•Acompletesentencebeginswithacapitalletterandendswithaperiod.Donotseparatedcompletesentenceswithcommas.Faulty:Itwasraininghard,theycouldnotworkinthefields.Improved:Itwasraininghard;theycouldnotworkinthefields.Itwasraininghard.Theycouldnotworkinthefields.Itwasrainingsohardthattheycouldnotworkinthefields.Theycouldnotworkinthefieldsbecauseitwasraininghard.Itwasraininghard,sotheycouldnotworkinthefields.Asitwasraininghard,theycouldnotworkinthefields.Faulty:Iwasborninasmalltown,inthetowntherewasonlyoneschool,Istudiedthereforsixyears.Improved:InthesmalltownwhereIwasborn,therewasonlyoneschool.Istudiedthereforsixyears.Iwasborninasmalltown,wheretherewasonlyoneschool.Istudiedthereforsixyears.IstudiedforsixyearsattheonlyschoolinthesmalltownwhereIwasborn.Inordertobeasentence,agroupofwordsmustmeetthreecriteria:Itmustcontainasubject;Itmustcontainapredictiveverb;Itmustmakeacompletethought.SentenceFragmentasentencefragmentisapartofasentence;itisagroupofwordsnotcompleteinitselfSentenceFragmentFragmentsThatDoNotContainaSubjectoraVerbIopenedthedoor.Expectingtoseemybrotherstandingontheporch.Iopenedthedoor,expectingtoseemybrotherstandingontheporch.Iopenedthedoor.Iwasexpectingtoseemybrotherstandingontheporch.FragmentsThatContainaSubjectandaVerbbutDoNotExpressaCompleteThoughtDonaldwascheckinghistrap.Hesawanenormousblackbear.WhileDonaldwascheckinghistrap.Hesawanenormousblackbear.Somestudentsinordertogetabetterjobaftergraduation.SomestudentsstudyEnglishhardinordertogetabetterjobaftergraduation.HavebetterskillsinEnglishmeanshavemorechancestogetjobs.HavingbetterskillsinEnglishmeanshavingmorechancestogetjobs.HavingbetterskillsinEnglishmeanstohavemorechancestogetjobs.HavingbetterskillsinEnglishmeansonecanhavemorechancestogetjobs.TypesofSentencesDeclarativeInterrogativeImperativeExclamatorySimpleCompoundComplexCompound-ComplexMakesanassertionorastatementAsksaquestionExpressesacommandorarequestExpressesastrongfellingoremotiononesubjectandonepredicate-verband,but,or,;,etconemainclauseandoneormoredependentclausesacombinationofacompoundandacomplexsentence(a)Theyoungpilotonhisfirstoverseastrainingfeltveryuneasy.(b)Theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasyduringhisfirstoverseastraining.(c)Theyoungpilot'sfirstoverseastrainingmadehimfeelveryuneasy.(d)Extremeuneasinessseizedtheyoungpilotonhisfirstoverseastraining.(e)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,feelingveryuneasy.(f)Itbeinghisfirstoverseastraining,theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasy.(g)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastrainingandfeltveryuneasy.(h)Theyoungpilot,whowasonhisfirstoverseastraining,feltveryuneasy.(i)Whentheyoungpilotwasonhis/firstoverseastraining,hefeltveryuneasy.(j)Astheyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,hefeltveryuneasy.(k)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,sothathefeltveryuneasy.(1)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining.(2)Hefeltveryuneasy.Loose松散句Itputsfirstthingsfirst,andletsthereaderknowwhatitismainlyaboutwhenhehasreadthefirstfewwords.Periodic圆周句Themainideaisexpressedatorneartheend,anditisnotgrammaticallycompleteuntiltheendisreached.Theworkersherearemostlydiligent,thoughnotall.Theworkersherearemostly,thoughnotall,diligent.Hewillgoabroadifhehasenoughmoney.Ifhehasenoughmoney,hewillgoabroad.Balanced平行结构Containstwoormorepartsofthesameformandgrammaticalfunction.Wecangainknowledgebyreading,byreflection,byobservationorbypractice.ShortandLongSentencesShortsentencesareusuallyemphatic,whereaslongsentencearecapableofexpressingcomplexideas.Shortsentencesaresuitableforthepresentationofimportantfactsandideas,andlongsentencesoftheexplanationofviewsandtheories,orthedescriptionofthingswithmanydetails.Weneedalargerpoliceforceforpublicprotection.Weneedamodernizedfiredepartment.Weneedanenlargedlibrary.Weneedtoincreasethepayscaleofteachersinthepublicschools.Weneedtoimproveourwatersupply.Foralltheseneedsthereisbutonesolution.WemustseethatthebondissueisapprovedbythevotersintheNovemberelection.Ihaveoftenwonderedwh