托福基础阅读讲义---毛至博

托福基础阅读讲义---毛至博.doc-1-1北美本科精英计划托福基础阅读毛至博[e-mail]托福基础阅读讲义---毛至博.doc-2-2目录一.基本词法以介绍二.基本句型介绍三.非句子修饰成分介绍四.三大从句介绍五.其他语法以及修饰成分介绍六.复合句分析七.阅读文段讲解托福基础阅读讲义---毛至博.doc-3-3一.基本句法概念介绍1.1主语:1.1.1名词e.g.1.1.2.动名词e.g.1.1.3.不定式e.g.1.1.4.句子e.g.1.2谓语:1.2.1.及物动词e.g.1.2.2.不及物动词e.g.1.2.3.系动词e.g.1.2.4.情态动词e.g.1.2.5.助动词e.g.1.3宾语/表语:托福基础阅读讲义---毛至博.doc-4-41.3.1.名词e.g.1.3.2形容词e.g.1.3.3.不定式e.g.1.3.4.动名词e.g.1.3.5.句子e.g.1.4定语:1.4.1.名词e.g.1.4.2.形容词e.g.1.4.3.介词e.g.1.4.4.分词e.g.1.4.5.不定式e.g.1.4.6.句子托福基础阅读讲义---毛至博.doc-5-5e.g.1.5状语:1.5.1.副词e.g.1.5.2.介词短语e.g.1.5.3.分词e.g.1.5.4.不定式e.g.1.5.5.句子e.g.托福基础阅读讲义---毛至博.doc-6-6二.五大基本句型2.1.主语+谓语（不及物动词）Theflowerblooms.Isometimesstayinbeduntillunchtime.EverydayIthoughtaboutpostcards.2.2主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语WelearnTOEFL.IdidnotenjoytheatreIcouldnotheartheactorsIcouldnotbeartheloudnoiseinthehouse.PostcardsalwaysspoilmyholidaysIvisitedmuseumsandsatinpublicgardens.Ireadafewlines,butIdidnotunderstandaword.2.3主语+系动词+表语Wefeelwell/arepromisingstudents.Igotveryangry常见的系动词：be动词，feel,look,sound,smell等表示“感觉”的动词；become,go,get等表示“变成”类的动词；remain,stay等表示“保持，存在”的动词2.4主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语=主语+谓语+直接宾语+to(for,of,on)+间接宾语Hebuysmeabook.=Hebuysabookforme.托福基础阅读讲义---毛至博.doc-7-7AfriendlywaitertaughtmeafewwordsofItalianThenhelentmeabookMyholidayspassedquickly,butIdidnotsendcardstomyfriends.常见的动词：give,lend,send,show,offer,tell,sell,teach,write,bring,deliver(to),buy,make,get,choose,leave留下,order（for）,ask(of)2.5主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语Ifindthebookthere.当宾语补足语是宾语的“发出动作”者时，表示主动。Ifoundhimlaughing.当宾语补足语是宾语的“接受动作”者时，表示被动。Ihearmynamecalled.常见的此类动词：see,hear,feel,keep,leave,catch,find,make,have,get备注:1.只能接动名词作宾语的动词：admit，advise，advocate,risk，appreciate，envy，avoid，consider，delay，deny，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse,finish，forgive，understand，giveup，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practice，putoff，resist，suggest;can’thelp，can’tstand，devoteto，lookforwardto，stickto，beusedto，beaddictedto,objectto,giveup2.只能接不定式作宾语的动词：happen，offer，promise，agree，refuse，decide,determine，pretend，fail，learn，wish，hope，expect，afford3.接动名词、不定式均可，意义相同的动词：like，love，dislike，hate，begin，star，continue，prefer，can’tbear/endure，cease4.下列词接动名词和不定式均可，但意义不同的动词：forget，goon，mean，regret，remember，stop，tryStoptodo停下来去做▶stopdoing停止做Forgettodo忘记要做▶forgetdoing忘记做过Remembertodo记得要做▶rememberdoing记得做过Regrettodo遗憾要做▶regretdoing后悔做过Trytodo企图做，尽力做▶trydoing试着做Goontodo继续做（另一件事)▶goondoing继续做（同一件事）Meantodo打算做▶meandoing意味做托福基础阅读讲义---毛至博.doc-8-8三.非句子修饰成分介绍3.1定语3.1.1概念:用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征3.1.2前置定语:修饰成分+n.(名词形容词介词短语分词短语不定时都可)e.g.abeautifulgirlaneasyTOEFLtest3.1.3后置定语:n+adjphrase形容词短语:aplaceharmfultostudentsprepphrase介词短语:acoupleinthehotelv-ing/-edphrase分词短语:apersonkissingagirl;atestcalledTOEFL不定式(todo):awaytosolvetheproblem分词做后置定语和谓语动词的区别:固定句式:3.1.4备注分词短语作后置定语时,其逻辑主语是其修饰的名词不定代词只能用后置定语修饰(some,something,somebody，someone，any,anything，anybody，anyone，nothing，nobody，noone，every,everything，everybody，everyone，all,each,both,much,many，(a)little,（a）few,other（s）,another,none,one,either,neither)不定式作后置定语其逻辑主语是第三者:thewaytosolvetheproblem（sbusethewaytosolvetheproblem）3.2同位语3.2.1概念:一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行解释，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。★A,Be.gVictor,ournewteacher,isverykindtous★A,orB★A,suchas….★AofBe.g.thecityofBeijing托福基础阅读讲义---毛至博.doc-9-93.3插入语3.3.1概念:在一个句子中间插入一个成分,它不作句子的何种成分,也不和句子的何种成分发生结构关系。★A,B,C★A---B---C★A(B)C3.4状语3.4.1概念:修饰谓语动词或是整个句子的成分3.4.2副词作状语e.g.Recently,ItookaTOEFLtest.3.4.3介词短语e.g.Thereare30promisingstudentsstudyingTOEFLintheclassroom.3.4.4现在分词短语e.g.Butsomewaterwillremain,clingingtoallsolidsurfaces.Usingagin,theworkercouldproduceupto50poundsoflintaday.3.4.5过去分词短语e.g.Acceptedbymanyanthropologistsinthelatenineteenth,thetheoryspreadoutquickly.Allowedtochoosewhatpairtheywanted,thechimpanzeesmostalwayschoosetheonewithhighertotal.3.4.6不定式短语e.g.Toverifythetheory,anthropologistsneedtomakealotofinvestigations.规则托福基础阅读讲义---毛至博.doc-10-10四.三大从句介绍4.1主从句在一个句子中，主句只有一个，从句可以有多个或者没有。主语+谓语+宾语，主语+谓语+宾语“主语+谓语+宾语and主语+谓语+宾语”，或是“主语+谓语+宾语+引导词+主语+谓语+宾语”三大从句：名词性从句：主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句。定语从句状语从句4.2主语从句4.2.1概念:一个或多个句子在整个句子中做主语4.2.2引导词：what,whatever,that,whether,when,why,where,who4.2.3句子结构：That/Whether/When/Why/Where+完整的句子(主谓宾)+主句动词e.g.Thathefinishedwritingthecompositioninsuchashorttimesurprisedusall.Whetherwewillgoforanoutingtomorrowremainsunknown.Whenwearegoingforapicnichasnotbeendecidedyet.What/Whatever/who+不完整的句子+主句动词e.g.Whatweneedistime.Whateveryoudidisright.WhoweareisunknownWhowillbeournewteacherisunknown4.2.4形式主语结构：为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在句首位置，真正主语搁置于句末。e.g.Itisstrangethatthemanshouldhavestucktohissillyideas.Itisapitythatwewon'tbeabletogotothesouthtospendour托福基础阅读讲义---毛至博.doc-11-11summervacation.Itisstillamysterywhatcausedtheaccident.4.3同位语从句4.3.1概念:一个句子充当同位语,对句子中的名次进行补充说明实质：名词=从句（从句是对名词的详细说明）e.g.Theideathatyoucandothisworkwellwithoutthinkingisquitewrong.Theyintroducedtheideathatchildrencouldlearntoreadasbabies.Thequestionwhetherweshouldcallinaspecialistwasansweredbythefamilydoctor.Ihavenoideawhatsizeshoesshewears.Haveyougotanyideawhowilltakeovernowthatthepresidenthasresigned?托福基础阅读讲义---毛至博.doc-12-124.4定语从句4.4.1.概念:用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句的句子,因为其作用相当于形容词，故也称作形容词