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0８年高考语法复习系列二名词名词专有名词(ProperNouns)普通名词(CommonNouns)个体名词(IndividualNouns)集体名词(CollectiveNouns)物质名词(MaterialNouns)抽象名词(AbstractNouns)不可数名词(UncountableNouns)可数名词(CountableNouns)1.可数名词的复数给出下列名词的复数形式policemanchildmousetoothfootpotatoheroleafshelfrooflifebabymonkeybranchthiefmosquitopolicemenchildrenmiceteethfeetpotatoesheroesleavesshelvesroofslivesbabiesmonkeysbranchesthievesmosquitoeswatchladyfoxflybrushtomatoinchhalfkilopianocalfpasser-bygo-betweengrown-upgirlfriendsister-in-lawmanservantlooker-onwatchesladiesfoxesfliesbrushestomatoesincheshalveskilospianoscalvespassers-bygo-betweensgrown-upsgirlfriendssisters-in-lawmenservantslookers-onI.可数名词的复数变法情况加法例词一般情况以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词以辅音＋y结尾的词以辅音+o结尾的词以f或fe结尾的词加-s加-es去y加-ies多数加-es把f/fe改成vesBrothers;schoolsBuses;watches;dishesLadies;countriesHeroes;tomatoesHalves;leaves不规则名词单复数变化:（1）单复数同形:sheep,deer,fish,means,species,works(工厂),aircraft,spacecraft,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss（2）改变字母：man--men,woman--women,policeman--policemen,saleswoman--saleswomen,foot--feet,tooth--teeth,goose--geese,Mouse--Mice,phenomenon--phenomena另：penny（pence或pennies）（3）增加字母:child--children,ox--oxen（4）以o结尾的词：加s:photo,radio,piano,zoo,studio,bamboo,tobacco加es:tomato,potato,hero另：zero（zeros或zeroes）（5）以f或fe结尾的词:直接加s：roof,proof,belief,chief,gulf,变f为v再加es：life,wife,knife,half,leaf,wolf,thief另外：handkerchief（handkerchiefs或handkerchieves）beef（beeves菜牛、beefs怨言；牢骚）(6)合成名词的复数形式：①将合成名词中的主体名词变为复数：looker(s)-on,passer(s)-by,mother(s)-in-law②将最后一部分变为复数：grown-up(s),go-between(s)(中间人），good-for-nothing(s)(无用之人）③含boy,girl,lady等的合成的名词：它们始终为单数，其后的名词则用复数形式。如：boystudents,girlfriends,ladydrivers④含man或woman的合成名词：它们随其后名词单复数的变化而变化。如：amandoctor,twomendoctorsA名词只能用复数形式的短语：•doexercises（做操）•takenotes(做笔记）•taketurns（轮流）•makerepairs（搞修理）•changetrains（改换火车）•makefriendswith（交朋友）•shakehandswith(握手）•asfollows（如下）•inrags（衣衫褴褛）•indozens（成打的）B有些名词单复数形式含义特别常见woodsworkswatersclothescustomsmannerssandsspiritsfeelingsgoodspaperssurroundingsgamesforcestimeslooksarmsconditionsInstructions（森林)（工厂）(水域)(衣服)(海关)(礼貌)(沙滩)(精神,烈酒)(感情)(货物)(报纸,文件)(环境)(运动会)(军队)(时代)(外表)(武器)(形式,情况)(说明)II.不可数名词的”数”1.抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如：抽象名词（不可数）具体化（个体名词，可数名词）insurprise惊讶地asurprise一件令人惊讶的事winsuccess获得成功asuccess一个(件)成功的人(事)winhonor赢得荣誉anhonor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)Failure(失败)isthemotherofsuccess失败是成功之母。afailure失败者byexperience靠经验anexperience一次经历youth青春ayouth一个青年人havepityonsb.怜悯某人apity可惜的事情withpleasure乐意apleasure乐事2.抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如：AknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltrade.Wouldyouliketohaveawalk(swim,bath,talk)withme?Itisawasteoftimereadingsuchanovel.Shemadeanapologytohermotherforherwrongdoings.3.物质名词有前置定语修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。havebreakfasthaveawonderfulbreakfastTheroadiscoveredwithsnow.Theyhaveaheavysnoweveryyear.Timeandtidewaitfornoman.Wehadawonderfultimelastnight.4.有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广。如：Theboyburstintotearsatthebadnews.Therisingwatersdidalotofharmtothecrops.Thestonebridgebrokedowninheavyrains.常见的不可数名词progressadvicefuninformationfurnitureworkbaggageluggagenewsjewelryweatherpaper(纸张)equipmenttroubleknowledgehomework有复数形式的不可数名词①有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现，起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。如：Useyourbrains,please.Theyhavesmoothedawaythedifficulties.Haveyoumadepreparationsfortomorrow’smeeting?Manythanksforyourkindness.Nopains,nogains.Aftermanyfailures,theyfinallysucceeded.III.名词单复数的特殊情况:(1)集体名词只用作复数：police,cattle,people,poultry,theyouth(2)集体名词用作不可数名词:clothing,jewellery,furniture,luggage(baggage),machinery,wealth(3)集体名词视具体情况而定单复数：family,class,population,staff,crew,couple,public,group,team,party,club,company,government,committee,audience,enemy(4)只有复数形式的名词:clothes,trousers,jeans,twins,glasses,compasses,scissors,goods,thanks,wishes,wages,tears,troops,forces,resources(5)以s结尾但不表示复数:mathematics,physics,politics,statistics,news,woods(森林),works(工厂)(6)有没有s结尾意义不同：glass–glasses,cloth–clothes,work–works,water–waters,wood–woods,good–goods,time–times(时代),paper–papers(论文),green–greens(青菜),custom–customs(海关),spirit–spirits(酒精,情绪),light–lights(灯),experience–experiences(经历),arm–arms(武器),iron–irons(镣铐,熨斗),compass(指南针)–compasses(圆规),(7)姓氏后加s并带冠词，表一家人或夫妇俩:theGreens；theChengs(8)名词单复数形式意义相同的短语：•makefaces/aface（做鬼脸）•Havetalks/atalkwithsb.(与某人交谈）•Playjokes/ajokeon（拿…开玩笑）•Makecontributions/acontributionto（为…做贡献）(9)名词单复数意义不同的短语：•Haveawordwithsb.（与…某人说句话）•Havewordswithsb.（与…某人吵架）•Makecloth(织布）•Makeclothes（制衣）一:’s型用法（有生命的所有格）•１．有生命的所有格•李平的自行车•汤姆的作品••TomandMary’sfatherTom’sandMary’sfathers•2.表某人家，店铺名称，常省去所有格后的名词．•AtGreen’s,atmyuncle’s•Atthetailor’sLiping’sbikeTom’sworks共有各有•３表示时间，距离，集体，城市，国家，团体，机构等．•today’snewspapertenminutes’walk•thestation’swaitingroom•4.somebody,someone,who+else所有格加在else后．•如果这字典不是你的，会是谁的？•Ifthisdictionaryisn’tyours,who•else’scanitbe?二：of型•１.Of型（无生命名词所有格）•我们学校的学生•房间的窗户Thestudentsofourschoolthewindowoftheroom2.双重属格：既有～’s的属格，又有of～的属格。通常～’s属格表示所有关系，of属格表示部分与整体的关系。如:afriendofmyfather’s;abookofTom’s3.表示“某人自己的”的属格:用ofone’sown表示，不可用of＋反身代词。例如：Thisisthehouseofmyown.1.作主语2.作宾语3.作表语Heisanartist.Heplayedfootballyesterday.TomoftenwatchesTVeverySunday.三：名词在句子中充当的成分4.作定语5.作宾语补足语HenamedthebabyTonny.MrYangisacom