■Lesson1■BeginninginthelateseventeenthcenturywiththeworkofRobertBayle,whoproposedthepresentlyacceptableconceptofanelement,numerousinvestigationsproducedaconsiderableknowledgeofthepropertiesofelementsandtheircompounds.早在17世纪末期,RB就开始了这项工作,他提出了现在公认的元素概念,大量的研究使我们对元素及其化合物的性质有了相当的了解。■Thusitispossibletoarrangethelistofelementsintabularformwithelementshavingsimliliarpropertiesplacedinverticalcolumes.于是,将具有类似性质的元素排成纵列,从而把元素排成表格形式是可能的。■However,asischaracteristicofmosttranstionelements,theyformionshavingotherchargesaswell.然而,像许多过度元素所具有的特点一样,它们也形成了具有其它电荷的离子。■Theyfromsuchawidevarityofcompoundsthatitisnotpracticalatthispointtopresentanyexamplesasbeingtypicalofthebehavioroftherespectivegroups.它们形成了各种不同的化合物,在这一点上我们甚至不能举出任何能表现各族元素典型变化的例子。■Lesson6■Itwouldbeimpossibletolearnpropertiesandbehaviorofevenafractionofthenumberifithadtobedoneonthebasisofindividualcompounds.如果根据个别化合物来了解这么多化合物的性质和行为,即使其中的一小部分也是不可能的。■Forexample,HClisclassedasanacid,andbybecomingfamiliarwiththebehaviorofacidasadistinctclass,weareatonceawareofthegeneralpropertiesofthecompound.例如,盐酸归类为酸,由于已熟悉作为不同类别的酸的性质,我们就会立即知道这一化合物的一般性质。Ofthesefiveclassesofcompounds,thefirstthree——acids,bases,andsalts——arebyfarthemostimportant.在这五种化合物类型中,酸、碱、盐是目前最重要的三种。Acid,intheconventionalsense,mayberecognizedbynotingthattheHiswrittenfirstintheformulaandthattherestofthecompoundisgenerallynonmetallic.酸。通常来说,氢离子写在化学式的前面,剩下的部分通常是非金属物质的化合物称为酸。Asaltconsistsofametal,writtenfirst,combinedwithanon-metalorradicalwrittenlastinaformula.盐。盐通常由一个金属和一个非金属离子组成。金属一般写在前面,非金属离子写在后面。Thehydroniumionisahydratedhydrogenionorproton(H++H2O)and,whiletheionizationofacidsinaqueoussolutiondependsonitsformation,weshallordinarilyusethesimpleH+inwritingequations.水合氢离子是水合的氢离子或质子,酸在水溶液中的解离由自身结构决定,我们在写方程式时可以简单地写成H+。Justasthecharacteristicpartofanacidishydrogenion,sothecharacteristicpartofabaseinwatersolutionisthehydroxideion,OH-.正如酸中的特征部分是H离子,健在水溶液中的特征部分是OH-。■Lesson7OneoftheprinciplechangesisthatproposedbyAlbertStockandnowknownasthestocksystemforthenamingofcompoundsofmetals(oxides,hydroxides,andsalts)inwhichthemetalmayexhibitmorethanoneoxidationstate.主要的变化之一是由AS提出,现在称之为Stock体系,Stock体系用于命名金属化合物(氧化物,氢氧化物和盐)在这些化合物中金属可能显示不止一种氧化态。■InthesecasestheoxidationstateofthemetalisshownbyaRomannumeralinparenthesesimmediatelyfollowingtheEnglishnameofthemetalwhichcorrespondstoitsoxidationnumber.在这种情况下,金属化合物氧化态是紧接着金属的英语名称之后在圆括号中用罗马数字表示,该数字与金属的氧化态一致。■Thestudentshouldhaveagoodstartinlearningnomenclatureifhehaslearnedthevalencetable3whichgivesbothchargesonionsandnamesforthemorecommonones.一个学生如果掌握了给出离子电荷和较常见离子名称的价键表3,他在掌握命名方面就必定有了一个好的开端。■TheoldersystemofnamingandonestillwidelyusedemploysGreekprefixesforboththenumberofoxygenatomsandthatoftheotherelementinthecompound.仍被广泛使用的老的命名体系使用希腊前缀表示氧原子数量和化合物中其它原子的数量。Thereareafewcaseswherenameoftheacidischangedslightlyfromthatoftheacidradical;forexample,H2SO4issulfuricacidratherthansulfic.在这些案例中,酸的名称与其酸根离子基团相比有略微改变。例如硫酸命名为sulfuricacid而不是sulfic。ThecompoundNaHSO4hasacidproperties,sinceitcontainshydrogen,andisalsoasalt,sinceitcontainsbothametalandanacidradical.NaHSO4因为含有H,所以有酸性,同时因为含有金属和酸根,所以也是盐。Thethirdcompound,sodiumphosphateNa3PO4,whichcontainsnoreplaceablehydrogen,isoftenreferredtoasnormalsodiumphosphate,ortrisodiumphosphatetodifferentiateitfromthetwoacidsalts.第三种化合物,Na3PO4,没有可置换H,通常指正的Na3PO4或Na3PO4来与两种酸式盐区分.■Lesson10Thewordparaffin,fromtheLatinparumaffinis(slightaffinity)referstotheinertchemicalnatureofthesubstancesandisappliedalsotothewaxobtainablefrompetroleumandconsistingofamixtureofhigheralkanes.石蜡,源于拉丁文,指的是物质的不活泼的性质,同时也用于来源于石油的蜡,由一些高级烷烃构成。SaturatedbranchedacyclichydrocarbonisnamedbyprefixingthedesignationsofthesidechainstothenameofthelongestchainwhichisnumberedfromoneendtotheotherbyArabicnumerals,thedirectionbeingsochosenastogivethelowestnumberspossibletothesidechains.饱和带支链直链烃通过把支链的的名称放在长链的前面作为前缀,从一端到另一端用阿拉伯数字计数,选择使支链位数最少的来命名。■Whenseriesoflocantscontainingthesamenumberoftermsarecomparedtermbyterm,thatseriesis“lowest”whichcontainsthelowestnumberontheoccasionofthefirstdifference.当逐一比较包含着相同(碳原子)数目的词语的许多位次时,根据第一个位次差值的理由,含最低数字的是最低者。■Lesson11Thetermolefin,meaningoil-forming,wasappliedbyearlychemistsbecausethegaseousmembersoftheseriescombinewithchlorineandbrominetoformoilyadditionproducts.烯烃,意思是成油,被早期的化学家使用,因为该系列的气态组分与氯和溴结合形成了油产物。Athirdproduct,diethylsulfatecanbepreparedbyheatingethylsulfuricacidatatemperaturebelow140℃atapressuresufficientlyreducedtocausediethylsulfatetodistillfromthenonvolatileacids.第三种产物,硫酸二乙酯,可以通过在140度以下加热乙基硫酸缓慢减少压强来使硫酸二乙酯从不易挥发的酸中蒸发出来。■Lesson13从Whenacompoundcontainsmorethanonekindofgroup,notlistedintable11,theprinciplegroupisthatwhichcharacterizestheclassoccurringashighaspossibleintable12;allothercharacteristicgroupsarethencitedasprefixes.If,butonlyif,thecompletesuffix(thatis,thesuffixitselfplusitsmultiplyingaffix,ifany)beginswithavowel,aterminal“e”(ifany)oftheprecedingparentnameiselided.■ThecharacteristicgroupslistedinTable11arealwayscitedbyprefixes,asgivenintheTable,tothenameoftheparentcompound.表11中列出的特征性基团,对母体化合物名称来说总是按表中所给出的前缀加以引用。■IfanycharacteristicgroupsotherthanthoseinTable11