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英语修辞学2004试卷[自己标了答案，部分翻书确认过，并标了书页]I.Fillineachblankwithanappropriatewordorphrase.(10%)1.WhenwesayJimlooklikehisbrotherBillywearemakinganordinaryliteralcomparisonbutwhenwesayJimandBillyareaslikeastwopeasweareusinga___simile__2.Metonymyisaveryusefulandeffectiverhetoricaldevice,foritcompressesmuchintoasinglewordorshortnounphrase,e.g.Shesetsagoodtable.(Meaning:Sheprovidesgood__deliciousdishes__.)3.InthesentenceClothesarefitthemanandthetimes,“Fitthemanisusedinaliteralsense,whereasfitthetimesisafigurativeexpression,meaningtobe___fashion___.4.WhentheinstructorsaysThisthesisleavesmuchtobedesired,heexpresseshisdissatisfactionwithquietunderstatement,meaning:thethesisisvery__imperfect__.5.TheadvertisementQualitybreedssuccesscanberegardedasabrilliantparodyoftheproverbFamiliaritybreeds_contempt___.6.Parody,Reverse,andRegressionareallopenfiguresofspeech,i.e.__they___canbecreatedwhennecessary.Ontheotherhand,however,misuseoroversueshouldalwaysbeguardedagainst.7.Wemustallhangtogether,orweshallhangseparatelyisafamousepunbyBenjaminFranklin,inwhichthewordhanghasdoublemeanings.8.RhetoricoriginatedinSpeaking,Aristotle,inthe4thcenturyBC,firstdefinedrhetoiicas__art__ofpersuasion,bymeansofargumentation.P19.Grammarmapsoutthepossible;rhetoricnarrowsthepossibledowntothedesirableandeffective.10.Apartfromthehugenumber,theEnglishwordsarecharacterizedbytheircreativenessinformationandflexibilityinmeaningandusage,whichcausedifficultiesiinwordchoice.II.DeterminewhetherthefollowingstatementsarecorrectornotbymarkingineachbracketwithTofF(10%)1.Creativityrefersmainlytoproducingoriginalideas,whichconstitutestheessenceofanessay.Originalideascannotcomeoff-hand;theyareresultofextensiveandthoroughgoingstudiesandcarefulconsideration.Newformsmayhaveasenseofcreativity,toobuttheymustsevertheneedoftheexpressionofideas.(T)Sameas05’test2.Moststudentsreallydorecognizetheneedtoimprovetheirwritingskills.Theirattitudeisusuallyakindofresignedwillingness,fortheymustalreadyknowandagreewithSamuelJohnson'swords:whatiswritteneffortisingeneralreadwithoutpleasure.(F)P194(“没有经过努力写出的文章，阅读起来一点也不会觉得愉快”-SamuelJohnson“Whatiswrittenwithouteffortisingeneralreadwithoutpleasure.”-SamuelJohnson3.Thebeginning,thebodyandtheendingarethethreeorganicpartsofanessay.Asthesayinggoes,”Wellbegunishalfdone,thefirstparagraphshouldbelongenough(P182shouldbe“good”)tograbthereader'sattention.Properbeginnings,nomatterwhatitslengthis,cannotonlyarousethereader'sinterestinthesubjectbutalsotellthereaderwhatthewholepieceofwritingwillbeabout.(F)4.Themostsignificantassumptionofthetraditionalviewoffigurativelanguageisthatsuchlanguageisdeviantandrequiresspecialcognitiveprocessestobeunderstood.Whereasliterallanguagecanbeunderstoodvianormalcognitivemechanisms,listenersmustrecognizethedeviantnatureofafigurativeutterancebeforedeterminingitsnoliteralmeaning.(T)Sameas05’test5.Cohereceisanessentialvirtueinexpositorywriting,inwhicheverythingistiedtogetherclearlyandlogicallysoastohelpyourreadertofollowyourideas.Thesefourpointsarenecessarytoachievecoherence:a)usesomelogicalmethodoforganization;b)structureyoursentencesinsuchawaythatthesequenceinwhichtheyarearrangedlinksthemtoeachother;c)usetransitionaldevicestoconnectsentencesandparagraphs;andd)neverrepeatawordorphrase(P163repeatakeywordorphrase)toremindyourreaderoftheimportantpointsofyouressay.(F)6.Inmanycases,wordsmayfailtocommunicateclearlyforreasonsotherthanthattheyaredifficultorspecialized.Sometimeswefailtousewordsaccurately,selectnottheproperonebutonesomewhatlikeit.Thetrickinavoidingerrorsofthissortisnottosubmitapaperuntilyouhavecheckedeverywordwhosemeaningyouhavedoubtabout.(T)P1477.Thefirstqualityofgoodwritingiseconomy.Asentenceshouldcontainnounnecessarywords,aparagraphnounnecessarysentences,forthesamereasonthatadrawingshouldhavenounnecessarylinesandmachinenounnecessaryparts.Thisrequiresnotthatthewritermakeallhissentencesshortorthatheavoidalldetails,butthateverywordtell.(T)P1218.Whenawritermustsummarizealargebodyoffactswithinalimitedspace,hehastowriteinageneralwaybecausethewriter'sprimaryconcernistosurveybrieflytheavailablefactsandexplaintheirsignificance.Theimportantthinginsuchcasesistochoosespecific(general)expressionsthataccuratelysummarizethespecificdetailsexamined,givingthereadersomebasicidea.(F)P1139.Goodwritingdoesnotbelabortheobvious,doesnotusesixwordswherefourwilldo.Andnophoninesseither--welikethewriterwhoisblunt,whocomesrighttothepointand(ratherthan)talksonandonmostfluentlylikeawitnessataSenatehearing.(F)P12210.Itwouldbestrangeifsomeonesaidtoyou,Ihaveusedarithmetictoprovemyopinion,orIhavefaiththattwoplustwoequalsfour.Equallystrangewouldbetheclaimthatsomeoneisopen-mindedandfairbutprejudiced.Tobesuccessfulasacriticalthinkerandconvincingwriter,onemustunderstandopinion,belief,faith,andprejudice.(T)III.MultpleChoices(10%)1.Thisfamousnovelhas_C__initswonderfuldescriptionoftheheroine.Imentionthiswithoutfearofoffendingtheauthor,forobviouslynowriteris___.(C)P49A.mistakes/infallibleB.theflaw/withoutblundersC.aflaw/freefromfaultsD.someproblems/neverwrong2.Witht