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各章重点内容串讲：Introduction1.Lexicology（名词解释题）（1）Definition:Lexicologyisabranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsofwords（WNWD）.本句翻译：词汇学是语言学的一个分支，它主要是研究词汇的来源以及意义（词汇学的定义）。（2）Domain:EnglishlexicologyaimsatinvestigatingandstudyingthemorphologicalstructuresofEnglishwordsandwordequivalents,theirsemanticstructures,relations,historicaldevelopment,formationandusages.本句翻译：它研究的是英语词汇的形态结构，同时它还研究英语词汇的语义结构、英语词汇的发展历史和英语词汇的形成与用法。2.MethodsofStudy（单选题/名词解释题）（1）TwoapproachesTherearegenerallytwoapproachestothestudyofwords,namelysynchronicanddiachronic.synchronic共时法diachronic历时法（2）Definition:A,synchronicFromasynchronicpointofview,wordscanbestudiedatapointintime.However,ifwetakeadiachronicperspective,wewillconsiderthewordhistorically,lookingintoitsoriginandchangesinformandmeaning.1.word（名词解释）（1）aminimalfreeformofalanguage1）Therefore,wecansaythatawordisaminimalfreeformofalanguage（词是语言中的最小的自由形式）2）thathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.（词有固定的读音，固定的意义，固定的句法功能。）2.therelationshipsbetweenthesoundandmeaning（1）简答题1）Soundisthephysicalaspectofaword.Andmeaningiswhatthesoundrefersto.本句翻译：音是词的物质外壳；义是音的所指。2）Awordisasymbolthatstandsforsomethingelseintheworld,whichisoutsidethelanguagesystem.（2）单选题或填空题arbitrary/conventional1）thereis‘nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundwhichstandsforathingoranideaandtheactualthingandideaitself’.（音与实际的实物和实际思想本身并没有一定的逻辑关系）2）Therelationshipbetweenthemisconventionalbecausepeopleofthesamespeechcommunityhaveagreedtorefertotheanimalwiththisclusterofsounds.3.Moreandmoredifferencesoccurbetweenthetwo.（简答题）（音和形之间的距离越拉越大）（P8）①TheinternalreasonforthisisthattheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans②Anotherreasonisthatthepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears③Thethirdreasonisthatsomeofthedifferenceswerecreatedbytheearlyscribes.④Finallycomestheborrowing,whichisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary.4.Wordscanbeclassifiedbydifferentcriteria（简答题/单选题）（P10－P11）Wordsmayfallintothebasicwordstockandnonbasicvocabularybyusefrequency,intocontentwordsandfunctionalwordsbynotion,andintonativewordsandborrowedwordsbyorigin.usefrequency使用频率notion概念origin词源5.Thebasicwordstock（名词解释）（P11）（1）Thebasicwordstockisthefoundation（基础）ofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.（2）ThoughwordsofthebasicwordstockconstituteasmallpercentageoftheEnglishvocabulary,yetitisthemostimportantpartofit.Thesewordshaveobviouscharacteristics.6.Featuresofthebasicwordstock（简答题）①Allnationalcharacter.（全民性）②Stability.（稳定性）③Productivity.（能产性）④Polysemy.（多义性）⑤Collocability.（搭配性）7.Nonbasicwords（1）Terminology（术语）（2）Jargon（行话）（3）Slang（俚语）（4）Argot（黑话）（5）Dialectalwords（方言词）（6）Archaisms（古词）（7）Neologisms（新词）Slang（俚语）（P14）:1）Slangbelongstothesub-standardlanguage,acategorythatseemstostandbetweenthestandardgeneralwordsincludinginformalonesavailabletoeveryoneandin-groupwordslikecant（shoptalkofanysub-group）,jargon,andargot.俚语属于非基本语言，它是位于标准语和套话、行话以及黑话之间的语言。2）Certainwordsarelabeled‘slang’notbecauseoftheirappearanceorpronunciationbutbecauseoftheirusage.本句翻译：某些词语之所以叫俚语并不是因为它的发音，也不是因为它的词形，而是因为它的用法。3）Muchoftheslangiscreatedbychangingorextendingthemeaningofexistingwordsthoughsomeslangwordsarenewcoinagesaltogether.4）Slangiscolourful,blunt,expressiveandimpressive.俚语是多彩的、直接的、富于表达的并令人印象深刻。Neologisms（新词）（P15）:Neologismsarenewly-createdwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.新词是新创造出的单词或表达方式，或呈现出新意思的词。8.ContentWordsandFunctionalWords（单选题）（1）Bynotion,wordscanbegroupedintocontentwordsandfunctionalwords.（2）Contentwords,whichconstitutethemainbodyoftheEnglishvocabulary.实词构成英语词汇的主体。mainbody主体（3）functionalwords,whichmakeupaverysmallnumberofthevocabulary,remainstable.remainstable保持稳定（4）functionalwordsdofarmoreworkofexpressioninEnglishonaveragethancontentwords.9.NativeWordsNativewordsarewordsbroughttoBritaininthefifthcenturybytheGermantribes:theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes,thusknownasAnglo-Saxonwords.所谓的本族语词汇是公元五世纪由日曼部落，即盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人带到不列颠的词汇，所以也被称为盎格鲁－撒克逊词汇。WordsofAnglo-Saxonoriginaresmallinnumber,amountingtoroughly50,000to60,000,buttheyformthemainstreamofthebasicwordstockandstandatthecoreofthelanguage.盎格鲁－撒克逊语当时词汇量很少，大约只有5、6万，但是它们构成了基本词汇的主流，在语言中处于核心地位。Therefore,whatistrueofthebasicwordstockisalsotrueofnativewords.1.Neutralinstyle（文体是中性的）.Stylistically,nativeswordsareneitherformalnorinformalwhereasthewordsborrowedfromFrenchorLatinareliteraryandlearned,thusappropriateinformalstyle.2.Frequentinuse（使用上的频繁性）.Nativewordsaremostfrequentlyusedineverydayspeechandwriting.Wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknownasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms.10.fourclassesofborrowings（简答题）（P19）Accordingtothedegreeofassimilation（同化）andmannerofborrowing（借词的方式）,wecanbringtheloan-wordsunderfourclasses.（1）Denizens.（同化词）1）borrowedearlyinthepast.2）wellassimilated.3）conformtotheEnglishwayofpronunciationandspelling.WordsofthisgroupareearlyborrowingsfromLatin（拉丁语）,Greek（希腊语）,French（法语）andScandinavians（斯堪的纳维亚语）.（2）Aliens.（外国话词）1）Aliensareborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling.外国话词保留了原有的拼写以及发音。2）Thesewordsareim